Functional Enzyme Mimics for Oxidative Halogenation Reactions that Combat Biofilm Formation

Abstract

Transition-metal oxide nanoparticles and molecular coordination compounds are highlighted as functional mimics of halogenating enzymes. These enzymes are involved in halometabolite biosynthesis. Their activity is based upon the formation of hypohalous acids from halides and hydrogen peroxide or oxygen, which form bioactive secondary metabolites of microbial origin with strong antibacterial and antifungal activities in follow-up reactions. Therefore, enzyme mimics and halogenating enzymes may be valuable tools to combat biofilm formation. Here, halogenating enzyme models are briefly described, enzyme mimics are classified according to their catalytic functions, and current knowledge about the settlement chemistry and adhesion of fouling organisms is summarized. Enzyme mimics with the highest potential are showcased. They may find application in antifouling coatings, indoor and outdoor paints, polymer membranes for water desalination, or in aquacultures, but also on surfaces for food packaging, door handles, hand rails, push buttons, keyboards, and other elements made of plastic where biofilms are present. The use of natural compounds, formed in situ with nontoxic and abundant metal oxide enzyme mimics, represents a novel and efficient "green" strategy to emulate and utilize a natural defense system for preventing bacterial colonization and biofilm growth.

Construction of Nanozyme‐Hydrogel for Enhanced Capture and Elimination of Bacteria

“…Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to developing alternative antibacterial materials in recent years . Particularly, inspired by natural enzymes for damaging bacteria through catalyzing the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS), researchers diverted their attention to the construction of artificial enzymes with the functions of natural enzymes to combat bacteria . Different from high‐cost and instable natural enzymes, nanozymes are generally facile‐preparation and stable.…”

High Carbonization Temperature to Trigger Enzyme Mimicking Activities of Silk‐Derived Nanosheets

“…They can imitate the extraordinary activities of natural enzymes in biocatalytic chemistry and overcome their shortcomings like poor stability and high cost. [ 2–5 ] Among various kinds of nanozymes, [ 6–14 ] carbon‐based nanozymes attracts enormous attention due to their unique physiochemical properties, [ 13,14 ] higher operational stability, and lower cost. [ 15,16 ] Up to now, carbon‐based nanozymes have shown the excellent capability of mimicking enzyme‐like activities.…”

“…Among various kinds of nanozymes, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] carbon-based nanozymes attracts enormous attention due to their unique physiochemical properties, [13,14] higher operational stability, and lower cost. [15,16] Up to now, carbon-based nanozymes have shown the excellent capability of mimicking enzymelike activities.…”

Self‐Organized Arrays of SnO2 Microplates with Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Properties

“…In addition, it could be demonstrated that the anodized tin surfaces present amphiphilic properties by switching from a hydrophobic to a hydrophilic behavior under UV light. This discovery could lead to the development of new protective, antibacterial and antifouling coatings by a simple anodization of oriented tin foils.…”