Toxic lactonic lipopeptide from food poisoning isolates of Bacillus licheniformis

Mikkola, Raimo; Kolari, Marko; Andersson, Maria A.; Helin, Jari; Salkinoja‐Salonen, Mirja

doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01467.x

Cited by 17 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These differences among the cytotoxicity assays may suggest intracellular effects due to exposure to antimicrobial peptides before any permanent cell membrane damage occurred. In this regard, the antibiotics nisin, subtilin, Pep5 and epidermin have secondary modes of action in addition to their well‐stablished bacteriolytic action (McAuliffe et al, 2001). The cytotoxicity of nisin, pediocin and colicins was tested with Vero cells using a Trypan Blue staining viability assay (Murinda et al, 2003), but the EC 50 values showed little correlation with the values reported here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the in vitro cytotoxicity of the antimicrobial peptide P34

Vaucher

Motta

Brandelli

2010

Cell Biology International

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The in vitro cytotoxicity of the antimicrobial peptide P34 was evaluated in different eukaryotic cells. The food-grade bacteriocin nisin was also analysed for comparison. Vero cells were treated with different concentrations (0.02-2.5 microg x ml(-1)) of antimicrobial peptide P34 and nisin. Cell viability and plasma membrane integrity were checked by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide], NRU (Neutral Red dye uptake) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assays. The EC50 values of the peptide P34 in MTT and NRU assays were 0.60 and 1.25 microg x ml(-1) respectively, while values of nisin found were 0.50 and 1.04 microg x ml(-1). In the LDH assay, the EC50 values were 0.65 and 0.62 microg x ml(-1) for P34 and nisin, respectively. The peptide P34 revealed similar haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes (5.8%) when compared with nisin (4.9%). The effects on viability, motility and acrosomal exocytosis of human sperm were also evaluated. Nisin and P34 showed similar effects on sperm parameters. The evaluation of cytotoxicity of antimicrobial peptides is a critical step to guarantee their safe use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the in vitro cytotoxicity of the antimicrobial peptide P34

Vaucher

Motta

Brandelli

2010

Cell Biology International

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“…B. licheniformis has been reported in cases of food‐borne diarrhoeal illness, toxin production and infant mortality [164]. B. subtilis has been implicated in food‐borne illnesses, with vomiting being the most common symptom [165].…”

Section: The Safety Of Bacillus Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics: Table 1

Hong¹,

Duc²,

Cutting³

2005

FEMS Microbiol Rev

880

574

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The field of probiosis has emerged as a new science with applications in farming and aqaculture as alternatives to antibiotics as well as prophylactics in humans. Probiotics are being developed commercially for both human use, primarily as novel foods or dietary supplements, and in animal feeds for the prevention of gastrointestinal infections, with extensive use in the poultry and aquaculture industries. The impending ban of antibiotics in animal feed, the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, the failure to identify new antibiotics and the inherent problems with developing new vaccines make a compelling case for developing alternative prophylactics. Among the large number of probiotic products in use today are bacterial spore formers, mostly of the genus Bacillus. Used primarily in their spore form, these products have been shown to prevent gastrointestinal disorders and the diversity of species used and their applications are astonishing. Understanding the nature of this probiotic effect is complicated, not only because of the complexities of understanding the microbial interactions that occur within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), but also because Bacillus species are considered allochthonous microorganisms. This review summarizes the commercial applications of Bacillus probiotics. A case will be made that many Bacillus species should not be considered allochthonous microorganisms but, instead, ones that have a bimodal life cycle of growth and sporulation in the environment as well as within the GIT. Specific mechanisms for how Bacillus species can inhibit gastrointestinal infections will be covered, including immunomodulation and the synthesis of antimicrobials. Finally, the safety and licensing issues that affect the use of Bacillus species for commercial development will be summarized, together with evidence showing the growing need to evaluate the safety of individual Bacillus strains as well as species on a case by case by basis.

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“…Several in vitro studies have indicated a strong correlation between surfactin and lichenysin and their toxicity towards different mammalian cells (Mikkola et al . ; Nieminen et al . ; Apetroaie‐Constantin et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Mikkola et al . ), a small cyclic lipopeptide (CLP) structurally very similar to surfactin (Arima et al . ) and pumilacidin (Naruse et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lichenysin is produced by mostBacillus licheniformisstrains

et al. 2013

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Aims: The aim of this study was to elucidate the prevalence of lichenysin production in Bacillus licheniformis and to see whether this feature was restricted to certain genotypes. Secondly, we wanted to see whether cytotoxicity reflected the measured levels of lichenysin. Methods and Results: Fifty-three genotyped strains of B. licheniformis, representing a wide variety of sources, were included. lchAA gene fragments were detected in all strains by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All 53 strains produced lichenysins with four molecular masses as confirmed by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) analysis. The amounts of lichenysin varied more than two orders of magnitude between strains and were irrespective of genotype. Finally, there was a strong association between lichenysin concentrations and toxicity towards boar spermatozoa, erythrocytes and Vero cells. Conclusions: Lichenysin synthesis was universal among the 53 B. licheniformis strains examined. The quantities varied considerably between strains, but were not specifically associated with genotype. Cytotoxicity was evident at lichenysin concentrations above 10 lg ml À1 , which is in accordance with previous studies.Significance and Impact of Study: This study might be of interest to those working on B. licheniformis for commercial use as well as for authorities who make risk assessments of B. licheniformis when used as a food and feed additive.

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Toxic lactonic lipopeptide from food poisoning isolates of Bacillus licheniformis

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Evaluation of the in vitro cytotoxicity of the antimicrobial peptide P34

Evaluation of the in vitro cytotoxicity of the antimicrobial peptide P34

The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics: Table 1

Lichenysin is produced by mostBacillus licheniformisstrains

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