Toxicity and Hazard of Pesticides to Honeybees: Harmonization of Test Methods

Felton, Jamy; Oomen, P. A.; Stevenson, J. H.

doi:10.1080/0005772x.1986.11098883

Cited by 43 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In the present study, risk quotient is used to assess the risk of pesticide sprays on the parasitoid. This is based on the hazard ratio presented by Felton et al (1986) and later termed as risk quotient by Hassan et al (1998). Risk quotient/ hazard ratio is an important measure of risk to beneficials under field conditions because it takes into consideration the fieldrecommended dose also (Stark et al 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of selected insecticides to Trichogramma chilonis: Assessing their safety in the rice ecosystem

et al. 2009

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Nine insecticides, namely, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, clothianidin, pymetrozine, ethofenprox, BPMC, endosulfan, acephate, and the product Virtako® (Syngenta; chlorantraniliprole 20%+thiamethoxam 20%) were tested to determine their toxicity to the parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis using an insecticide-coated vial (scintillation) residue bioassay. All the insecticides tested showed different degrees of toxicity to the parasitoid. Thiamethoxam showed the highest toxicity to T. chilonis with an LC 50 of 0.0014 mg a.i. l −1 , followed by imidacloprid (0.0027 mg a.i. l −1 ). The LC 50 values of acephate and endosulfan were 4.4703 and 1.8501 mg a.i. l −1 , exhibiting low toxicity when compared with other insecticides tested. Thiamethoxam was found to be 3,195, 1,395 and 1,322 times more toxic than acephate, chlorantraniliprole and endosulfan, respectively, as revealed by the LC 50 values to T. chilonis. Based on risk quotient, which is the ratio between the field-recommended doses and the LC 50 of the beneficial, only chlorantraniliprole was found to be harmless to T. chilonis. The insecticides thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, Virtako®, ethofenprox and BPMC were found to be dangerous to the parasitoid. Since T. chilonis is an important egg parasitoid of leaf folders, reported to reduce the pest population considerably and often released augmentatively in rice IPM programs, the above noted dangerous chemicals should be avoided in the rice ecosystem.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of selected insecticides to Trichogramma chilonis: Assessing their safety in the rice ecosystem

et al. 2009

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“…We observed that, with all three feeding methods, bees would usually feed within 30 minutes or not at all. Furthermore, current guidelines discourage individual confinement of A. mellifera for more than one hour (Felton et al, 1986;OEPP/EPPO, 2001). To standardize procedures, it would be better to use similar conditions with all bee species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Group feeding is not applicable to most other bee species, which do not perform trophallaxis and thus require individual feeding. In fact, oral tests on non-Apis bees are rarely conducted because individual feeding is considered time consuming (Felton et al, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method to feed individual bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) known amounts of pesticides

et al. 2003

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-We devised a simple method ("flower") to feed bees individually, and compared it with two other methods commonly used ("film canister" and "glass vial"). We tested the three methods on two solitary species, Osmia lignaria and Megachile rotundata, and one social species, Apis mellifera, under four different light regimes (natural, artificial, plant growth and darkness). The flower method was the most effective for all three bee species: 90-95% of the bees fed under natural light, 80-95% under artificial light, 75-100% under plant growth light, and 45-70% in darkness. Percent success was 0-50% with the film canister method, and 0-60% with the glass vial method. The flower method may allow more comprehensive future evaluation of pesticide effects on bees. oral toxicity test / individual feeding / Osmia lignaria / Apis mellifera / Megachile rotundata

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“…For example, a highly toxic compound applied at a low rate in the Þeld may cause less mortality than a less toxic compound used at a higher rate. For this reason it may be more useful to compare the relative toxicity of insecticides to natural enemies by describing the LC 50 as a fraction of the recommended Þeld rate (Smart and Stevenson 1982, Felton et al 1986, Bellows and Morse 1993, Stark et al 1995.…”

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confidence: 99%

Potential for Integrating Eleven Agricultural Insecticides with the Predatory Bug <I>Pristhesancus plagipennis</I> (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Grundy¹,

Maelzer²,

Collins³

et al. 2000

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A problem for growers attempting to implement integrated pest management programs is the lack of information regarding the compatibility of insecticides with natural enemies. To provide information about this problem, we evaluated the acute and residual effects of 11 commonly used insecticides on nymphs of Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) under both laboratory and field conditions. For each insecticide, the length of time that weathering residues caused > 50% mortality was evaluated and compared against the LC50 (acute-toxicity) divided by the recommended field rate. Plots thus combined the acute and residual toxicity of each insecticide. Results suggested that carbaryl, esfenvalerate, endosulfan, and deltamethrin had low residual and acute toxicity to P. plagipennis, whereas chlorpyrifos, methomyl, and monocrotophos were highly toxic at low concentrations and left persistent harmful residues. Cypermethrin, methidathion, malathion, and dimethoate were moderately toxic. The potential use of these insecticides to supplement the control activity of P. plagipennis is discussed.

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Toxicity and Hazard of Pesticides to Honeybees: Harmonization of Test Methods

Cited by 43 publications

References 3 publications

Toxicity of selected insecticides to Trichogramma chilonis: Assessing their safety in the rice ecosystem

Toxicity of selected insecticides to Trichogramma chilonis: Assessing their safety in the rice ecosystem

A method to feed individual bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) known amounts of pesticides

Potential for Integrating Eleven Agricultural Insecticides with the Predatory Bug <I>Pristhesancus plagipennis</I> (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

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