A short description is given of 19 laboratory, 12 semi‐field and 5 field methods to test the side‐effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms. The methods were developed according to standard guidelines by members of the Working Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’ of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic Regional Section (WPRS); 28 members in nine countries participated and the beneficial organisms (natural enemies of insects and mites) included: 6 Hymenoptera, 4 Coleoptera, 2 Diptera, 1 Neuroptera, 1 Heteroptera, 3 Acari, 1 Aranea, 1 entomopathogenic fungus (Hyphomycetes). There is agreement that a combination of laboratory, semi‐field and field tests is needed to show the side‐effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms and that the beneficials chosen for the test should be relevant to the crop on which the pesticide is to be used.

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The classical theory of hypnotic dissociation is that dissociation can reduce the interference between simultaneous tasks if one of the tasks is subconscious. A second interpretation is that dissociation requires sufficient effort to increase task interference. Seven highly hypnotizable and 10 simulating control subjects performed two arithmetic tasks (counting and addition), color-naming tasks, each performed singly, and arithmetic tasks simultaneous with color naming. Counting was easier than addition. Addition, performed alone and subconsciously, showed a deficit over conscious performance. When arithmetic was performed simultaneously with color naming, both tasks showed deficits under all conditions; the deficits were greater, however, when the arithmetic was subconscious for the hypnotized subjects, not for simulators. The results supported the second theoretical model, especially for more difficult subconscious tasks.

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