Toxicity and Toxicokinetics of Amygdalin in Maesil (Prunus mume) Syrup: Protective Effect of Maesil against Amygdalin Toxicity

Abstract

Maesil (Prunus mume, green plum)-based products have been widely used in Asian cooking, which may contain amygdalin enzymatically converted to hydrogen cyanide after oral ingestion. In this study, the toxicity of Maesil syrups matured with and without Maesils was evaluated by focusing on relationship between amygdalin toxicity and its metabolic change. The cytotoxicity of amygdalin was highly related to its metabolites converted by β-glucosidase, and the metabolic change was retarded in Maesil syrup. Toxicokinetics revealed extremely low oral absorption and short half-life of amygdalin standard and Maesil syrups, and delayed metabolic change of amygdalin in Maesil syrup was found. It seems that complex Maesil syrup components play roles against amygdalin degradation. Maesil syrup matured with Maesils had higher total polyphenols, lower amygdalin, and shorter half-life in bloodstream than Maesil syrup without Maesils, suggesting more safety benefit. No significant oral toxicity of Maesil syrups was found after 14-day repeated administration, implying their safety.

Analisis Molekular dan Karakteristik Hidrogen Sianida (HCN)

“…Hidrogen sianida (7; 10; 26; 27; 32; [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] atau biasa disebut formic anammonide, asam hidrosianat, atau asam sianida yang merupakan suatu monobasa dari asam Lewisboron lemah yang dapat digunakan sebagai penyepuhan emas,dan pembuatan pewarna prussian blue (blau), (108) . Asam sianida akan larut dalam air (109; 110) , senyawa ini didalam air akanmembentuk ion CNdan ion H + .Senyawa dengan rumus kimia HCN cairan tak bewarna dan sangat beracun.…”

Simultaneous determination of eight analytes of Fuzheng Huayu recipe in beagle dog plasma by UHPLC–Q/exactive Orbitrap HRMS and its application to toxicokinetics

“…Notably, amygdalin is nontoxic and has an anti‐liver fibrosis effect by decreasing the mRNA and protein expression levels of CTGF and TGF‐ β (Luo et al, 2016 ), and inhibiting the expression of platelet‐derived growth factor and insulin‐like growth factor mRNA (Luo et al, 2018 ). Prunasin is a degradation product of amygdalin, which can be hydrolyzed to mandelonitrile and glucose by the action of enzyme prunasin lyase; mandelonitrile is then broken down into benzaldehyde by hydroxyl nitrile lyase, with the release of hydrogen cyanide, which is harmful to health (Go et al, 2018 ). Therefore, the AUC results showed that amygdalin was extensively transformed into prunasin in vivo , and that the efficacy and toxicity of prunasin should receive more attention.…”

Amygdalin: A Review on Its Characteristics, Antioxidant Potential, Gastrointestinal Microbiota Intervention, Anticancer Therapeutic and Mechanisms, Toxicity, and Encapsulation

“…Prunasin lyase catalyzes the hydrolysis of prunasin, resulting in glucose and mandelonitrile. Then, OH-nitrile lyase breaks down the mandelonitrile into hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde [ 130 ]. HCN impedes cell respiration, and it also interacts with cytochrome oxidase.…”