Toxicity, Biodegradation, and Metabolic Fate of Organophosphorus Pesticide Trichlorfon on the Freshwater Algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract

This study investigated the toxicity of trichlorfon (TCF) to the freshwater algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, as well as its biodegradation and metabolic fate. The growth of C. reinhardtii decreased with increasing TCF concentration, and the maximum inhibition ratio was 51.3% at 200 mg L–1 TCF compared to the control. Analyses of pigment content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant enzymes indicated that C. reinhardtii can produce resistance and acclimatize to the presence of TCF. The variations in pH during cultivation suggested that photosynthetic microalgae have innate advantages over bacteria and fungi in remediating TCF. A 100% biodegradation rate was achieved at a maximum concentration of 100 mg L–1 TCF. Ten metabolites were identified by GC–MS, and the degradation pathways of TCF by the algae were proposed. This research demonstrated that C. reinhardtii is highly tolerant to and can efficiently degrade TCF. Thus, C. reinhardtii can be used to remove traces of TCF from natural water environments and to treat TCF-contaminated wastewater.

Design and Fabrication of Yttrium Ferrite Garnet-Embedded Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Sensitive Electrocatalyst for Smartphone-Enabled Point-of-Care Pesticide (Mesotrione) Analysis in Food Samples

“…The respective plot between the current and square root of scan rate exhibited good linearity. By substituting the slope value of the different scan rate plots in the Randles−Sevcik equation, the electrochemically active area of YIG/GCN/SPCE was calculated to be 0.231 cm 2 .…”

“…1 About 2.5% of the pesticides are actually consumed by the desired species, and the rest 97.5% remain in the atmosphere, soil, and water resources, which further leads to accumulation in food through the food chain. 2 The consumption of herbicide-contaminated food causes many health problems ranging from Alzheimer's disease, hyperactivity disorder, and cancers to birth defects. 3 Mesotrione (MTO) is one of the important herbicides widely used to control insects on a variety of crops including maize, vegetables, and fruits.…”

“…The use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture has been increasing every year to control various pests and disease carriers . About 2.5% of the pesticides are actually consumed by the desired species, and the rest 97.5% remain in the atmosphere, soil, and water resources, which further leads to accumulation in food through the food chain . The consumption of herbicide-contaminated food causes many health problems ranging from Alzheimer’s disease, hyperactivity disorder, and cancers to birth defects .…”

Remediation of Pesticides by Microalgae as Feasible Approach in Agriculture: Bibliometric Strategies

“…From Cluster 5, the term "microalgae" has the greatest number of connecting (78 links) co-occurring keywords with a TLS of 78 in the network cluster. The term "phycoremedia-tion" relates to the "microalgae" distinct potential to metabolize and sequestrate carbon sources in comparison with that of other microorganisms [111,144]. Fluroxypyr is an herbicide commonly used to manage weeds and insects, but its extensive usage has led to substantial damage to the soil and surrounding waters.…”

Methods to alleviate the inhibition of sludge anaerobic digestion by emerging contaminants: a review

“…Also, Haematococcus pluvialis removed 84% of sulfamerazine, 74% of sulfamethoxazole, and 75% of sulfamonomethoxine (Kiki et al 2020). Also, a range of microalgae species has been shown to contribute to the removal of personal care products, such as methylisothiazolinone, bisphenol A, climbazole, and triclosan (Wang et al 2013;Bai and Acharya 2016;Pan et al 2018;Xie et al 2020); hormones, such as progesterone, estrone, and estriol (Peng et al 2014;Maes et al 2014); pesticides, such as propamocarb, trichlorfon, and isoproturon (Dosnon-Olette et al 2010;Ardal 2014;Wan et al 2020); and surfactants, such as nonylphenol (He et al 2016).…”