Toxicity characteristics and durability of concrete containing coal ash as substitute for cement and river sand

Rafieizonooz, Mahdi; Salim, Mohd Razman; Mirza, Jahangir; Hussin, Mohd Warid; Salmiati,; Khan, Rehanullah; Khankhaje, Elnaz

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.151

Cited by 63 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A petrographic microscope at both cross and plan light with low and high magnification power was used. The toxicity characteristics of CBA were examined on approximately 50 g of dried powder per the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) [47], which is commonly used for evaluating the hazardous nature of waste materials [48].…”

Section: Tests On Raw Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Untreated Coal Bottom Ash with Added Value for Mitigating Alkali–Silica Reaction in Concrete: A Sustainable Approach

et al. 2020

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Each year, about 730 million tons of bottom ash is generated in coal fired power plants worldwide. This by-product can be used as partial replacement for Portland cement, favoring resource conservation and sustainability. Substantial research has explored treated and processed coal bottom ash (CBA) for possible use in the construction industry. The present research explores using local untreated and raw CBA in mitigating the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) of reactive aggregates in concrete. Mortar bar specimens incorporating various proportions of untreated CBA were tested in accordance with ASTM C1260 up to 150 days. Strength activity index (SAI) and thermal analysis were used to assess the pozzolanic activity of CBA. Specimens incorporating 20% CBA achieved SAI greater than 75%, indicating pozzolanic activity. Mixtures incorporating CBA had decreased ASR expansion. Incorporating 20% CBA in mixtures yielded 28-day ASR expansion of less than the ASTM C1260 limit value of 0.20%. Scanning electron microscopy depicted ASR induced microcracks in control specimens, while specimens incorporating CBA exhibited no microcracking. Moreover, low calcium-to-silica ratio and reduced alkali content were observed in specimens incorporating CBA owing to alkali dilution and absorption, consequently decreasing ASR expansion. The toxicity characteristics of CBA indicated the presence of heavy metals below the US-EPA limits. Therefore, using local untreated CBA in concrete as partial replacement for Portland cement can be a non-hazardous alternative for reducing the environmental overburden of cement production and CBA disposal, with the added benefit of mitigating ASR expansion and its associated costly damage, leading to sustainable infrastructure.

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Section: Tests On Raw Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Untreated Coal Bottom Ash with Added Value for Mitigating Alkali–Silica Reaction in Concrete: A Sustainable Approach

et al. 2020

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“…This induces the expansion and cracking of concrete. It is also reported that the sulfate attack causes the decomposition of hydrated products such as the decalcification of C-S-H, leading to the disintegration of cement matrix [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural and Microanalytical Study on Concrete Exposed to the Sulfate Environment

Fang

Yin

et al. 2017

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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“…Possible such substitutes are steel slag (Rahmawati & Saputro, 2018), slag from the refining of lead and zinc (Tripathi & Chaudhary, 2016), and rapid cooling electric arc furnace oxidizing slag (Kim, Koh, & Pyo, 2016). Other industrial wastes, such as palm oil clinker, coal bottom ash (Ong, Mo, Alengaram, Jumaat, & Ling, 2018), fly ash (Rafieizonooz et al., 2017), fixated phosphate industry waste (Lieberman et al., 2018), and waste from granite and marble processing (Singh, Tiwari, Nagar, & Agrawal, 2016) can also be used to partially replace sand. Li and Yang (2017) examined how to use demolition waste of old concrete as fine aggregates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do we have enough natural sand for low‐carbon infrastructure?

Ioannidou

Sonnemann

Suh

2020

J of Industrial Ecology

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Toxicity characteristics and durability of concrete containing coal ash as substitute for cement and river sand

Cited by 63 publications

References 31 publications

Recycling Untreated Coal Bottom Ash with Added Value for Mitigating Alkali–Silica Reaction in Concrete: A Sustainable Approach

Recycling Untreated Coal Bottom Ash with Added Value for Mitigating Alkali–Silica Reaction in Concrete: A Sustainable Approach

Microstructural and Microanalytical Study on Concrete Exposed to the Sulfate Environment

Do we have enough natural sand for low‐carbon infrastructure?

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