Toxicity, mutagenicity and stability assessment of simply produced electrolyzed water as a wound healing agent in vitro

Abstract

Over the last decade, electrolyzed water (EW) produced by salt and tap water has gained importance due to its antimicrobial effects. Regarding to chlorine-based compounds, EW also used in post-harvest safety of food processing and sterilization of surfaces. The latest studies suggested that EW might act as wound healing agent due to anti-infective and cell proliferative properties. In this study, we evaluated acute contact cytotoxicity in L929 mice fibroblast cells and wound healing activity of EWs in vitro. In addition, mutagenic activity was evaluated by Ames test with and without metabolic activation by S9 fraction and the stability profile of freshly prepared EWs has been followed up. According to the results, strong acid (StAEW) and mixed EW (MEW) showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity due to possible high HOCl concentration, while slightly acidic and catholyte EW (CEW) were not cytotoxic even applied directly for 30 sec. Further, StAEW and CEW showed a significant increase in L929 cell migration in scratch assay. Likewise, with/ without metabolic activation, neither of EWs had shown mutagenic profile in TA 98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Follow-up of ORP (oxidation-reduction potential), pH and FCC (free chlorine concentration) showed that temperature and light were important storage conditions to maintain a stable profile particularly for ORP and FCC, which are the most important indicators for biological activity of EW. According to the present findings, it can be suggested that particularly StAEW, may represent a valuable wound healing agent with an achievable, economical and easy production system when stored under proper conditions.

New Clinical Applications of Electrolyzed Water: A Review

“…Wound care should also minimize scarring and inflammation. Recently, EW with antimicrobial properties has been utilized as part of cell proliferation, anti-infection and anti-biofilm therapies in a wound healing agent (shown in the Figure 5 ) [ 114 , 127 ]. Ben et al found that with the application of MicroSafe ® as an instillation fluid with a novel foam dressing and negative pressure wound therapy for the patient, the wound bed showed dramatic improvement after three days of treatment [ 128 ].…”

Effects of Strong Acidic Electrolyzed Water in Wound Healing via Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Response

“…However, further studies might be necessary to check on the frequency of application as well as the possible use of gauzes or the development of hydrogels to retain the StAEW. However, as a recent report showed that physical properties such as pH, ORP, and available chlorine concentration of electrolyzed waters might be affected by storage, temperature, and light exposure [ 35 ], it is important to make sure that the StAEW is prepared and stored well to maximize its full healing efficacy. In conclusion, StAEW can be used as an antiseptic agent in wounds and as a wound dressing.…”

“…The advantages of using StAEW as wound dressing include its faster healing efficacy than Alc and Sal. Moreover, because acidic water has been generally recognized as a safe compound as shown in the biocompatibility studies [ 13 , 14 ], including toxicity and mutagenicty study in wound healing [ 35 ] and even on the application on the skin [ 37 ], the use of this agent in wound care can be more advantageous and better alternative to harsh chemical disinfectants. In addition, StAEW is also well-known for its cost-effectiveness due to its economical set-up generation using salt and tap water.…”

Research Trends on the Application of Electrolyzed Water in Food Preservation and Sanitation

“…Currently, there are a variety of disinfection products based on EW in the market. In addition, its pH neutralization can enhance skin tolerability, therapeutic activity, and stability [115]. Many patents, including EW application for dental care, eye care, advanced tissue care, hand sanitizer, and dermatology, are available.…”

“…Many patents, including EW application for dental care, eye care, advanced tissue care, hand sanitizer, and dermatology, are available. EW with an antimicrobial effect has been used as a part of cell proliferation, anti-biofilm, and antiinfection therapies in a wound-healing agent [115]. Ben et al discovered that, with the application of MicroSafe ® as an installation fluid with novel foam dressing and adverse pressure wound treatment for the patient, the wound showed significant improvement after three days of therapy [106,107].…”