Toxicity of acidified chitosan for cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Bullock, G. L.; Blazer, Vicki S.; Tsukuda, Scott; Summerfelt, Steven T.

doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00359-2

Cited by 37 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Among these flocculants materials such as chitosan and cationic starch are the most promising ones for application due to abundant source, easy availability and biodegradation with less secondary pollution (Hansel et al, 2014;Letelier-Gordo et al, 2014). However, cationic polymers are often toxic to the aquatic organisms (Lee et al, 2014) and direct application of these materials in aquatic environment may pose adverse effects (Bullock et al, 2000;Rizzo et al, 2008).…”

Section: Toxic Effects Of Chitosan and Cationic Starch On Aquatic Orgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicological assessment of flocculant modified soil for lake restoration using an integrated biotic toxicity index

2016

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a b s t r a c tFlocculant modified soils/clays are being increasingly studied as geo-engineering materials for lake restoration and harmful algal bloom control. However, the potential impacts of adding these materials in aquatic ecological systems remain unclear. This study investigated the potential effects of chitosan, cationic starch, chitosan modified soils (MS-C) and cationic starch modified soils (MS-S) on the aquatic organisms by using a bioassay battery. The toxicity potential of these four flocculants was quantitatively assessed using an integrated biotic toxicity index (BTI). The test system includes four aquatic species, namely Chlorella vulgaris, Daphnia magna, Cyprinus carpio and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, which represent four trophic levels in the freshwater ecosystem. Results showed that median effect concentrations (EC 50 ) of the MS-C and MS-S were 31e124 times higher than chitosan and cationic starch, respectively. D. magna was the most sensitive species to the four flocculants. Histological examination of C. carpio showed that significant pathological changes were found in gills. Different from chitosan and cationic starch, MS-C and MS-S significantly alleviated the acute toxicities of chitosan and cationic starch. The toxicity order of the four flocculants based on BTI were cationic starch > chitosan > MS-S > MS-C. The results suggested that BTI can be used as a quantitative and comparable indicator to assess biotic toxicity for aquatic geo-engineering materials. Chitosan or cationic starch modified soil/clay materials can be used at their optimal dosage without causing substantial adverse effects to the bioassay battery in aquatic ecosystem.

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Section: Toxic Effects Of Chitosan and Cationic Starch On Aquatic Orgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicological assessment of flocculant modified soil for lake restoration using an integrated biotic toxicity index

2016

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“…In addition, the inclusion of an immunostimulant in experimental vaccine preparations has been shown to improve the duration of protection and increase the magnitude of the immune response, especially following intraperitoneal injection of the vaccine preparation [4e7, 91,92]. Conversely, there are several reports that the use of immunostimulants has conferred no beneficial effects [4,7,93,94]. Indeed some of these preparations have caused toxicity [93,95] to the animals following oral or injection administration of the immunostimulant.…”

Section: The Use Of Immunostimulants In Immunologically Mature and Immentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, there are several reports that the use of immunostimulants has conferred no beneficial effects [4,7,93,94]. Indeed some of these preparations have caused toxicity [93,95] to the animals following oral or injection administration of the immunostimulant.…”

Section: The Use Of Immunostimulants In Immunologically Mature and Immentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initially immunostimulants are often naturally occurring molecules that can be obtained from a natural source in large amounts, e.g. glucans from yeast [5,6,72,103e106] or chitosan [5,89,93,107] from arthropods such as shrimps shell meal. Potentially they can make cost effective dietary supplements due to the relatively low cost of their source ingredients.…”

Section: Theoretical Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of immunostimulants in fish larval aquaculture

Bricknell

Dalmo

2005

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

450

278

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“…Epithelial hypertrophy is considered one of the earliest features of external irritant exposure [19]. Exposure to concentrations as low as 0.019 mg/L chitosan acetate resulted in epithelial lifting, epithelial hypertrophy, and epithelial hyperplasia, while higher concentrations caused lamellar fusion as well as the proliferation and hypertrophy of mucous cells [21]. Chitosan is generally considered to be nontoxic in most situations but is acutely toxic to rainbow trout when dissolved in acetic acid, a common method of liquid dispersal [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of anionic polyacrylamide products on gill histopathology in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Kerr¹,

Lumsden

Russell

et al. 2014

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) products are commonly used to remove suspended materials from turbid waters and to help mitigate soil erosion. In the present study, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to 3 mg/L to 300 mg/L of 10 commercially available PAM products (Clearflow Water Lynx Polymer Log and Clearflow Soil Lynx Granular Polymer; Clearflow Enviro Systems Group), and gill histological parameters were measured following either 7 d or 30 d of polymer exposure. A cationic polymer product (≤0.38 mg/L MagnaFloc 368; Ciba Specialty Chemical) was also tested for comparison. Mild gill lesions were observed in fish exposed to polymer products. Lamellar fusion, interlamellar hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, mucous cell metaplasia, and cell counts of epithelial swelling and necrosis/apoptosis were minimal in fish exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of anionic polymer (≤30 mg/L). Gill morphology was largely unaffected by exposure to concentrations up to 300 mg/L of many PAM products. Several anionic polymer products noticeably affected gill tissue by increasing epithelial hypertrophy, interlamellar hyperplasia, mucous cell metaplasia, and the frequency of necrotic cells. The severity of the lesions lessened with time, suggesting that fish may have experienced a short-term irritant effect. Similar levels of gill pathology were frequently observed in fish exposed to cationic polymer MagnaFloc 368 despite the concentration being 1000-fold lower than that of the PAM products. These observations highlight the increased toxicity of cationic polymers to aquatic life compared with anionic PAMs.

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Toxicity of acidified chitosan for cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Cited by 37 publications

References 12 publications

Ecotoxicological assessment of flocculant modified soil for lake restoration using an integrated biotic toxicity index

Ecotoxicological assessment of flocculant modified soil for lake restoration using an integrated biotic toxicity index

The use of immunostimulants in fish larval aquaculture

Effects of anionic polyacrylamide products on gill histopathology in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

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