Toxicity of adjuvants to bluegill

Watkins, Curtis E.; Thayer, Daniel; Haller, William T.

doi:10.1007/bf01609715

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The LC50 values found in this study are similar to proprietary data provided by the manufacturers or other reported results that were located in the literature. Discrepancies existed with previous data that we reported in 1985 [3]. In 1985, we reported a LC50 for Cide‐Kick of 5.2 ppm compared to 10.2 ppm in the current study.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…As was the case in 1985 [3], adjuvant toxicity ranged widely, from 1 to 2 ppm to over 200 ppm. The most toxic material, the tallow amine MON 0818, is an experimental product.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In 1985, the acute toxicities of adjuvants commonly used in aquatic sites were evaluated [3]. Surfactant use in aquatic plant management has since increased, new surfactants have been formulated (silicone and methylated seed oils), and new uses have been developed (e.g., addition of surfactants to contact herbicides for improved submersed weed control).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity of 19 adjuvants to juvenile Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish)

Haller

Stocker

2003

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Nineteen adjuvants, many used as surfactants for aquatic herbicide applications, were applied in static bioassay to bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) for 96 h to determine median lethal concentrations (LC50). Surfactants are added to the tank mix as a percentage (v/v) of the total volume, in contrast to herbicide application rates, which are usually expressed in kilograms per hectare. Two ethoxylated tallow amine products were the most toxic, having LC50 values of 1.6 and 2.9 ppm (all values v/v). Seven alcohol/glycol-based surfactants had 96-h LC50 values of 4.0 to 11.6 ppm (mean = 7.9 ppm). The polysiloxane- or silicone-based surfactants had toxicities of 18.1 to 29.7 ppm (mean = 24.7). Two limonene-based products had LC50 values of 10.2 and 30.2 ppm. A methylated seed oil with emulsifier had a LC50 of 53.1 ppm. Two acid/buffer utility adjuvants had LC50 values of 60.8 and 221 ppm. To compare the relative safety of the tested surfactants, we assumed maximum label rate applications to 1 m deep water with uniform mixing. This comparison of relative safety is based on mortality to 50% of the test organisms and does not imply application rates that would not result in any mortality. The two ethoxylated tallow amines, neither used or recommended for aquatic applications, had a relative safety factor of 12.6 or less. Relative safety factor varied from 6.2 to 20.4 for the seven alcohol/glycol surfactants, 38.4 to 63.2 for silicone-based products, 5.5 to 16.1 for limonene products, 113 for methylated seed oil, and 132.2 to 315.7 for acid/buffer utility adjuvants. When used according to label recommendations under normal use conditions, these adjuvants should not be present in acutely toxic concentrations; however, the most toxic adjuvants in very shallow water (< 10 cm) would be toxic to bluegill sunfish that did not move to deeper water to avoid lethal concentrations.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…As was the case in 1985 [3], adjuvant toxicity ranged widely, from 1 to 2 ppm to over 200 ppm. The most toxic material, the tallow amine MON 0818, is an experimental product.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity of 19 adjuvants to juvenile Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish)

Haller

Stocker

2003

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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“…Such an increase results from the development and use of contact herbicides, a better understanding of adjuvant role, and the manufacturing of new compounds [3]. However, although toxicological and ecotoxicological data usually are available for the active ingredients of plant protection products, they are less frequent for adjuvants alone [3–6] and there is almost no data on the ecotoxicological effects of tank‐mixes of pesticides and adjuvants under field conditions [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fomesafen, alone and in combination with an adjuvant, on plankton communities in freshwater outdoor pond mesocosms

Caquet

Laurence

Lacroix

et al. 2005

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Ecotoxicological effects of the diphenyl ether herbicide fomesafen, applied alone or in combination with the adjuvant Agral 90 (mixture of polyethoxylated derivatives of nonylphenol), were assessed on planktonic communities in 18-m3 outdoor mesocosms during a nine-month study. Four mesocosms were treated with fomesafen only (nominal concentration: 40 microg/L), four were treated with the mixture fomesafen-Agral 90 (nominal concentration: 40 microg/L and 90 microg/L, respectively), and four were kept as the controls. Five treatments were performed every three weeks from April 18, 2000. Mean (+/- standard error [SE]) values of fomesafen concentration in water of 62.5 (+/-5.3) and 19.4 (+/-7.6) microg/L were measured at the end of the treatment period in fomesafen- and mixture-treated mesocosms, respectively. Fomesafen, either alone or in mixture with Agral 90, had a significant positive effect on the abundance and biovolume of Cyanobacteria, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, and Bacillariophyceae. Chlorophyceae were inhibited by the herbicide and laboratory toxicity tests confirmed that green algae were more sensitive toward fomesafen than other algal classes. A positive effect of treatments on phytoplankton taxonomic diversity also was observed, indicating that, like natural disturbances of intermediate strength, xenobiotics sometimes may enhance the diversity of algal communities. Fomesafen alone did not have any clear effect on zooplankton. Abundance of calanoid copepods was reduced significantly in the mixture-treated ponds, suggesting either a direct effect of the adjuvant and/or an enhancement of herbicide toxicity by Agral 90. The abundance of other zooplanktonic herbivorous groups increased due to a reduced competition for food for herbivorous species and a higher availability of preys for predators. No algal bloom was observed in the treated ponds, presumably because of grazing pressure and the low availability of nutrients.

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