Toxicity of glyphosate‐based pesticides to four North American frog species

Howe, Christina M.; Berrill, Michael; Pauli, Bruce D.; Helbing, Caren C.; Werry, Kate; Veldhoen, Nik

doi:10.1897/03-71

Cited by 404 publications

(369 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…For example, the herbicide atrazine has the potential to cause immunosuppression in adult northern leopard frogs (Brodkin et al, 2007) and impair sexual development of male frogs (Hayes et al, 2003). Glyphosate formulations (Howe et al, 2004;Relyea, 2005) as well as some fungicide formulations (Belden et al, 2010;Bruhl et al, 2003) are toxic to amphibians at environmentally relevant concentrations. Decreases in growth and development have also been observed after exposure to fungicide formulations containing pyraclostrobin (Hartman et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide concentrations in frog tissue and wetland habitats in a landscape dominated by agriculture

Smalling

Reeves

Muths

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

127

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Habitat loss and exposure to pesticides are likely primary factors contributing to amphibian decline in agricultural landscapes. Conservation efforts have attempted to restore wetlands lost through landscape modifications to reduce contaminant loads in surface waters and providing quality habitat to wildlife. The benefits of this increased wetland area, perhaps especially for amphibians, may be negated if habitat quality is insufficient to support persistent populations. We examined the presence of pesticides and nutrients in water and sediment as indicators of habitat quality and assessed the bioaccumulation of pesticides in the tissue of twonative amphibian species Pseudacris maculata (chorus frogs) and Lithobates pipiens (leopard frogs) at six wetlands (3 restored and 3 reference) in Iowa, USA. Restored wetlands are positioned on the landscape to receive subsurface tile drainage water while referencewetlands receive water fromoverland run-off and shallow groundwater sources. Concentrations of the pesticides frequently detected inwater and sediment samples were not different between wetland types. The median concentration of atrazine in surface water was 0.2 μg/ L. Reproductive abnormalities in leopard frogs have been observed in other studies at these concentrations. Nutrient concentrations were higher in the restored wetlands but lower than concentrations thought lethal to frogs. Complex mixtures of pesticides including up to 8 fungicides, some previously unreported in tissue, were detected with concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 1500 μg/kg wet weight. No significant differences in pesticide concentrations were observed between species, although concentrations tended to be higher in leopard frogs compared to chorus frogs, possibly because of differences in life histories. Our results provide information on habitat quality in restored wetlands that will assist state and federal agencies, landowners, and resource managers in identifying and implementing conservation and management actions for these and similar wetlands in agriculturally dominated landscapes. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. H I G H L I G H T S• Habitat quality was similar between restored and reference wetlands in Iowa.• Complex mixtures of pesticides are detected in frog tissues (liver and whole body).• The number of fungicides (up to 8) in frog tissues is largest reported to date.• Life history has the potential to impact pesticide bioaccumulation in frogs. Habitat loss and exposure to pesticides are likely primary factors contributing to amphibian decline in agricultural landscapes. Conservation efforts have attempted to restore wetlands lost through landscape modifications to reduce contaminant loads in surface waters and providing quality habitat to wildlife. The benefits of this increased wetland area, perhaps especially for amphibians, may be negated if habitat quality is insufficient t...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide concentrations in frog tissue and wetland habitats in a landscape dominated by agriculture

Smalling

Reeves

Muths

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

127

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“…Herbicide tank mixes include the formulated product and additional carriers (e.g., water) and may also contain a surfactant and marker dye. Herbicide products labeled for use in aquatic systems are generally formulated without the addition of surfactants, which can increase the efficacy of the product but also its toxicity (e.g., glyphosate-based products with the surfactant polyethoxylated tallow amine labeled for terrestrial application [11]). Surfactants allow the herbicide to penetrate the leaf cuticle, thereby increasing its efficacy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the herbicide imazapyr on juvenile Oregon spotted frogs

Yahnke¹,

Grue²,

Hayes³

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Conflict between native amphibians and aquatic weed management in the Pacific Northwest is rarely recognized because most native stillwater-breeding amphibian species move upland during summer, when herbicide application to control weeds in aquatic habitats typically occurs. However, aquatic weed management may pose a risk for aquatic species present in wetlands through the summer, such as the Oregon spotted frog (OSF, Rana pretiosa), a state endangered species in Washington. Acute toxicity of herbicides used to control aquatic weeds tends to be low, but the direct effects of herbicide tank mixes on OSFs have remained unexamined. We exposed juvenile OSFs to tank mixes of the herbicide imazapyr, a surfactant, and a marker dye in a 96-h static-renewal test. The tank mix was chosen because of its low toxicity to fish and its effectiveness in aquatic weed control. Concentrations were those associated with low-volume (3.5 L/ha) and high-volume (7.0 L/ha) applications of imazapyr and a clean-water control. Following exposure, frogs were reared for two months in clean water to identify potential latent effects on growth. Endpoints evaluated included feeding behavior, growth, and body and liver condition indices. We recorded no mortalities and found no significant differences for any end point between the herbicide-exposed and clean-water control frogs. The results suggest that imazapyr use in wetland restoration poses a low risk of direct toxic effects on juvenile OSFs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:228-235. # 2012 SETAC

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“…tóxicas que el compuesto activo y esto se ha atribuido a la presencia de adyuvantes en las formulaciones comerciales (15,17). Entre estos adyuvantes, los más comunes son los surfactantes, y en el caso de Roundup® el más ampliamente usado es la polioxietilenamina o tallow amina polietoxilada, un surfactante no iónico con el potencial de afectar adversamente los organismos acuáticos en áreas en las cuales es usado (20).…”

Section: Figuraunclassified

“…Pese a esta información, la preocupación sobre los efectos adversos potenciales de los herbicidas basados en glifosato persiste ya que un número de estudios recientes in vivo en animales muestran que han causado efectos tóxicos en las diferentes especies que han sido expuestas experimentalmente al glifosato, a las formulaciones comerciales que lo contienen, y a uno de sus principales adyuvantes, el surfactante polioxietilenamina o tallow amina polietoxilada (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).…”

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Citotoxicidad del glifosato en células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana

Martínez

Reyes

2007

biomedica

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Introducción. El glifosato es un herbicida de amplio espectro, no selectivo, utilizado comúnmente en agricultura para eliminar malezas. Los estudios que han evaluado la toxicidad del glifosato en animales y en ambiente muestran que las formulaciones comerciales son más tóxicas que el componente activo. Objetivos. Evaluar la toxicidad del glifosato grado técnico y de la formulación comercial Roundup® en células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana. Materiales y métodos. Células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana fueron expuestas a diferentes concentraciones de glifosato en grado técnico y en la forma de Roundup® por 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas. La citotoxicidad se evaluó mediante el método de exclusión con azul de tripano y reducción del reactivo sal sódica de (2,3-bis[2-metoxi-4-nitro-5-sulfofenil]-2Htetrazolio-5-carboxianilida) (XTT). Resultados. Ambas presentaciones del glifosato (grado técnico y Roundup®) fueron tóxicas para las células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana. Roundup® fue más citotóxico que el glifosato grado técnico, ya que se encontró que la concentración letal 50 (LC 50 ) analizada con el método de exclusión con azul de tripano a las 24 horas fue de 56,4 µg/ml de glifosato en la forma de Roundup® y de 1.640 mg/ml (1,64 µg/ml) para glifosato grado técnico. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio in vitro confirman el efecto tóxico para las células humanas observado para el glifosato y sus preparaciones comerciales, y que estas últimas son más citotóxicas que el compuesto activo, lo que apoya la idea de que los aditivos presentes en las formulaciones comerciales juegan un papel crucial en la toxicidad atribuida a los herbicidas que contienen glifosato.Palabras clave: pruebas inmunológicas de citotoxicidad, herbicidas, células sanguíneas, supervivencia celular, azul de tripano, sales de tetrazolio. Cytotoxicity of the herbicide glyphosate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cellsIntroduction. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide and commonly used to eliminate weeds in agricultural and forest settings. Studies evaluating glyphosate toxicity in animals and environment show that commercial formulations of glyphosate are more toxic than the active component itself. Objectives. Technical grade glyphosate was compared with the commercial formulation Roundup® in their respective toxicities on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Materials and methods. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate, either technical grade or in the form of Roundup for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h. Cytotoxicity was assayed by trypan blue dye exclusion method and reduction of (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2Htetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt) XTT reagent. Results. Both technical grade glyphosate and Roundup® formulation were toxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cytotoxicity of Roundup® was higher than cytotoxicity of glyphosate, since the LC 50 (50% lethal concentration) determined by the trypan blue ex...

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Toxicity of glyphosate‐based pesticides to four North American frog species

Cited by 404 publications

References 44 publications

Pesticide concentrations in frog tissue and wetland habitats in a landscape dominated by agriculture

Pesticide concentrations in frog tissue and wetland habitats in a landscape dominated by agriculture

Effects of the herbicide imazapyr on juvenile Oregon spotted frogs

Citotoxicidad del glifosato en células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana

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