Toxicity of Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Over the past decade, there has been significant and rapid developments in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Despite the fact that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PVSCs has increased from 3.8% to 25.8%, approaching that of commercial single crystalline Si solar cells, the market is still dominated by Si-based photovoltaic (PV) technology. This can be attributed to the challenges associated with upscaling PVSCs, improving device stability, and reducing the toxicity of PVSCs, which are hurdles in commercializing perovskite PV technologies. In particular, the toxicity due to lead leakage of PVSCs makes it difficult for them to enter the market. Hence, in this article, the structure and working principle of PVSCs are first summarized. Then, the toxicity of PVSCs is discussed, including the impacts of organic solvents and perovskite precursor materials on the health and environment. In this section, examples of advanced strategies for reducing the toxicity of PVSCs are also provided. Finally, challenges and a perspective for developing nontoxic PVSCs are given.

Transistor-Based Synaptic Devices for Neuromorphic Computing

“…also been reported, and they successfully mimicked various synaptic functions and promoted the development of photosynapse transistors [43,44]. However, these lead perovskites are toxic and harmful to the environment [50][51][52][53][54]. Compared with traditional lead perovskite materials, lead-free perovskite materials have low toxicity and broad application prospects, which have attracted people's attention [55][56][57][58][59].…”

“…However, these lead perovskites are toxic and harmful to the environment [50][51][52][53][54]. Compared with traditional lead perovskite materials, lead-free perovskite materials have low toxicity and broad application prospects, which have attracted people's attention [55][56][57][58][59].…”

Defect passivation engineering of wide-bandgap perovskites for high-performance solar cells

“…Therefore, in pursuit of sustainable and ecologically harmonious living, resorting to renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, has gained paramount significance. 2,3 This shift has led to the prominence of solar cells, pivotal technologies capable of converting photons into electrons through the photovoltaic (PV) effect, heralding an era of enduring and ecologically conscious progress. [4][5][6][7] Within the PV community, beyond the Si-based solar cells and thin-film solar cells that have been successfully commercialized, perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have been unequivocally regarded as the most promising devices throughout the past decade.…”

Fabricating Planar Perovskite Solar Cells through a Greener Approach

“…According to a number of published papers, the toxicity of CB and toluene is a serious concern, as is the risk they pose to aquatic organisms [25,26]. Even more seriously, exposure to CB and toluene can cause a variety of adverse health consequences in people, such as headaches, nausea, fatigue, and discomfort to the eyes and upper respiratory system [27,28]. Prior studies have primarily focused on the removal of hazardous host solvents, and some have even demonstrated how to fabricate planar PSCs without using a harmful antisolvent [29].…”