Toxicity of Ultrafine Particles from Combustion of High Aromatic and Non-Aromatic Diesel Fuels Using in Vitro Ali Exposure System

Effects of fuel composition and vehicle operating temperature on in vitro toxicity of exhaust emissions

“…The increase in genotoxicity and increase in PM emissions are associated, as the exhaust PM has been connected to genotoxicity in previous studies. 24,56,57 The MMM analysis also a statistically signicant increase in genotoxicity due to the PN and PM mass concentration increases, supporting the genotoxicity of exhaust PM. Gaseous components such as NO x and NO 2 also displayed a statistically signicant increase in genotoxicity, highlighting the potential toxicity of these as well.…”

“…Similarly to the present study, the aromatic content of the fuel has been associated with higher exhaust emissions in previous studies. [21][22][23][24]47 The aromatic hydrocarbons in fuel work as precursors of PM emissions due to the polymerisation, higher double-bond equivalent values, higher boiling point and lower vapour pressure. [48][49][50] In addition to PM concentrations, in our previous study by Hakkarainen et al, 2023 (ref.…”

“…A detailed description of the cell culture protocol can be found in our previous studies of Hakkarainen et al, 2022 and 2023. 24,40 Briey, the A549 human alveolar epithelial cells (ATCC®, CCL-158™) were cultured on the basal side of the inserts' membrane four to six days preceding the exposures. The seeding densities of the cells depended on the exposure day and were 400 000 cells per mL, 220 000 cells per mL, 200 000 cells per mL, and 180 000 cells per mL for inserts exposed three, four, ve, and six days later, respectively.…”

“…29 Deposition of PM number and mass components were calculated from the measured aerosol concentrations, as in our previous studies using the identical ALI system. 24,[40][41][42] The deposition estimations in the ALI system are presented in ESI S1 Table S4. † 2.4 Toxicological analysis 2.4.1 Genotoxicity.…”

“…The concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in both diesel and gasoline fuels has been associated with an increase in exhaust emissions concentrations and toxicological potential. [21][22][23][24] Environmental factors can also affect emissions and conditions such as cold operation temperatures have been demonstrated to increase PM concentrations in exhaust. 25,26 Thus far, emissions from cold-start and operating are included in a few emissions regulations and testing, one example being the European type 6 test.…”