Toxicity to medaka fish embryo development of okadaic acid and crude extracts of Prorocentrum dinoflagellates

Potentially toxic epiphytic Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) species in Greek coastal waters

“…The absence of toxicity in P. emarginatum strains isolated from Greek coastal waters fits well with the fact that no toxicity has been ever reported for this species (Escoffier et al, 2007;Mohammad-Noor et al, 2007a).…”

“…PP2AIA is a widely recognised method for the detection of OA and its analogues (Tubaro et al, 1996;Vieytes et al, 1997) and has been often utilised for the toxicity investigation of both Prorocentrum and Dinophysis cells (Barbier et al, 1999;Bouaïcha et al, 2001;Escoffier et al, 2007).…”

Tributyltin toxicity in abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) assessed by antioxidant enzyme activity, metabolic response, and histopathology

“…Approximately 0.1% of all oxygen entering the mitochondrial electron transport chain is released as ROS, which can disrupt intracellular redox status and result in homeostasis disorder [28,29]. Escoffier et al [30] found that okadaic acid-induced oxidative damage disrupted the normal physiological state in medaka, and resulted in developmental malfunction. Hopkins et al [31] reported that oxidative stress leads to teratogenesis and swim-up failure of frog larvae.…”

Toxin production, retention, and extracellular release by Dinophysis acuminata during extended stationary phase and culture decline

“…These questions also pertain to bloom termination, when dissolved DSP toxins have been detected in greater amounts in the water column during natural blooms of Dinophysis (MacKenzie et al, 2004). Extracellular DSP toxins have the potential to negatively impact surrounding aquatic organisms as a grazing deterrent, toxin, or allelopathic compound (Windust et al, , 1997Shaw et al, 1997;Escoffier et al, 2007). It is, therefore, important to investigate the importance of prey and light in toxin production, retention, and the extracellular release of toxins as populations become starved of energy (i.e., in the absence of photosynthesis or heterotrophic feeding) and as cell viability declines.…”