Toxicokinetics in Fishes

Kleinow, Kevin M.; Nichols, John W.; Hayton, William L.; McKim, James M.; Barron, Mace G.

doi:10.1201/9780203647295.ch3

Cited by 52 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 330 publications

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“…Solbakken and Palmork 1981;James et al 1991;Lemaire et al 1992;Van Veld et al 1997), and PAH metabolites in fish bile are widely used as biomarker of PAH exposure (Beyer et al 2010). PAHs taken up via the diet will primarily be transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein and undergo first path metabolism, where their metabolites will be secreted to the bile (Varanasi et al 1989;Kleinow et al 2008). This pathway was supported for polar cod in the present study as radioactivity was detected in both liver and bile after administration of both compounds.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Comparative absorption and tissue distribution of 14C-benzo(a)pyrene and 14C-phenanthrene in the polar cod (Boreogadus saida) following oral administration

Bakke¹,

Nahrgang

Ingebrigtsen³

2015

Polar Biol

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The Arctic is an important sink for organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) long-range transported from industrial regions. With the retreat of sea ice and increasing anthropogenic activities such as the oil and gas industries, local sources of PAHs are expected to increase both through operational and accidental discharges. There is a need to increase our knowledge concerning the uptake and distribution of organic pollutants, in particular PAHs, to evaluate the risk these toxic compounds may represent for Arctic species. The absorption and tissue distribution of 14 C-benzo(a)-pyrene (BaP) and 14 C-phenanthrene (Phen) were studied in the polar cod (Boreogadus saida), a key Arctic species. After a single oral dose of BaP (1.15 ± 0.36 mg/kg fish) or Phen (0.40 ± 0.12 mg/kg fish), corresponding to 0.12 ± 0.03 mCi/kg fish, the tissue distribution was followed through 30 days by means of whole-body autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting of liver and bile. For both compounds, radiolabeling was mainly present in the bile and the intestines throughout the study period. Phen-derived radioactivity, however, appeared to be more systemically distributed compared to BaP. Furthermore, a far higher amount of irreversibly bound BaPderived radioactivity was present in the intestinal mucosa compared to Phen, indicating a more extensive formation of reactive intermediates from the former compared with the latter. Liquid scintillation counting confirmed that radioactivity was present in the liver at all time points for both groups although the levels were low in the BaP group. These results strongly indicated that both compounds and/ or their metabolites undergo enterohepatic circulation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Comparative absorption and tissue distribution of 14C-benzo(a)pyrene and 14C-phenanthrene in the polar cod (Boreogadus saida) following oral administration

Bakke¹,

Nahrgang

Ingebrigtsen³

2015

Polar Biol

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“…Common expressions of dose include the total applied concentration (e.g., chemical concentration in the exposure water) or administered dose (e.g., that injected or consumed within a defined period of time). In either case, it may be difficult to translate these dose metrics into an estimate of the chemical concentration time course at the site of toxic action because of issues related to uptake, tissue distribution, biotransformation, and elimination [69]. Without this knowledge of internal dose, it becomes difficult to compare results from different studies or to interpret apparent differences in species sensitivity [70].…”

Section: Integrating Exposurementioning

confidence: 98%

Adverse outcome pathways: A conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment

Ankley

Bennett

Erickson

et al. 2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

2,227

1,240

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Ecological risk assessors face increasing demands to assess more chemicals, with greater speed and accuracy, and to do so using fewer resources and experimental animals. New approaches in biological and computational sciences may be able to generate mechanistic information that could help in meeting these challenges. However, to use mechanistic data to support chemical assessments, there is a need for effective translation of this information into endpoints meaningful to ecological risk-effects on survival, development, and reproduction in individual organisms and, by extension, impacts on populations. Here we discuss a framework designed for this purpose, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP). An AOP is a conceptual construct that portrays existing knowledge concerning the linkage between a direct molecular initiating event and an adverse outcome at a biological level of organization relevant to risk assessment. The practical utility of AOPs for ecological risk assessment of chemicals is illustrated using five case examples. The examples demonstrate how the AOP concept can focus toxicity testing in terms of species and endpoint selection, enhance across-chemical extrapolation, and support prediction of mixture effects. The examples also show how AOPs facilitate use of molecular or biochemical endpoints (sometimes referred to as biomarkers) for forecasting chemical impacts on individuals and populations. In the concluding sections of the paper, we discuss how AOPs can help to guide research that supports chemical risk assessments and advocate for the incorporation of this approach into a broader systems biology framework.

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“…BSAF is a parameter defining bioaccumulation of sediment-associated organic compounds or metals in tissues of the organism [57]. The BSAF is calculated using the following equation: BSAF = CB/CS where, CB is the chemical concentration in the biota (mass of chemical per kg of biota/dry weight), while CS is the concentration in the related sediment (mass of chemical per kg of sediment/dry weight).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of heavy metals concentration in holothurians, sediments and water samples from coastal areas of Pakistan (Northern Arabian Sea)

Ahmed¹,

Ali²,

Bat³

2017

JCLM

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Toxicokinetics in Fishes

Cited by 52 publications

References 330 publications

Comparative absorption and tissue distribution of 14C-benzo(a)pyrene and 14C-phenanthrene in the polar cod (Boreogadus saida) following oral administration

Comparative absorption and tissue distribution of 14C-benzo(a)pyrene and 14C-phenanthrene in the polar cod (Boreogadus saida) following oral administration

Adverse outcome pathways: A conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment

Assessment of heavy metals concentration in holothurians, sediments and water samples from coastal areas of Pakistan (Northern Arabian Sea)

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