Toxicokinetics of Inhaled Bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301) in Human Subjects

Lam, C.C.; Weir, Francis W.; Williams-Cavender, Kathryn; Tan, Miguel N.; Galen, Theodore J.; Pierson, Duane L.

doi:10.1006/faat.1993.1031

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…It is presumed that the target arterial concentration is the key factor in determining the onset of adverse effects and is independent of exposure time. The analysis Lam et al (1993); HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and CFC-12 data from Emmen et al (2000); FC-113 data from Auton and Woollen (1991); dichloromethane data from Andersen et al (1987); and trichloromethane data from Muller et al (1974). from the PBPK model suggests that the exposure time profile must be considered when determining the risks of a transient situation due to the rapid equilibration of the chemical in air with blood.…”

Section: Case Studies Of Halon 1301 Transient Exposure To Halon 1301mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Halon 1301(bromotrifluoromethane) (Lam et al, 1993), HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) (Emmen et al, 2000), HFC-227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) (Emmen et al, 2000), CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) (Emmen et al, 2000), FC-113 (1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane) (Auton & Woollen, 1991), dichloromethane (DCM) (Andersen et al, 1987), and trichloroethylene (Muller et al, 1974) data for the entire exposure range, both during and post exposure, have been measured experimentally. Four exposure concentrations were compared for HFC-134a and HFC-227ea, two for CFC-12 and DCM, and one for Halon 1301, FC-113, and TCE.…”

Section: Validation Of the Standardized Pbpk Model Halogenated Hydrocmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incorporation of Acute Dynamic Ventilation Changes into a Standardized Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model

Stuhmiller

2007

Inhalation Toxicology

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A seven-compartment physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating a dynamic ventilation response has been developed to predict normalized internal dose from inhalation exposure to a large range of volatile gases. The model uses a common set of physiologic parameters, including standardized ventilation rates and cardiac outputs for rat and human. This standardized model is validated against experimentally measured blood and tissue concentrations for 21 gases. For each of these gases, body-mass-normalized critical internal dose (blood concentration) is established, as calculated using exposure concentration and time duration specified by the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) or the acute exposure guideline level (AEGL). The dynamic ventilation changes are obtained by combining the standardized PBPK model with the Toxic Gas Assessment Software 2.0 (TGAS-2), a validated acute ventilation response model. The combined TGAS-2P model provides a coupled, transient ventilation and pharmacokinetic response that predicts body mass normalized internal dose that is correlated with deleterious outcomes. The importance of ventilation in pharmacokinetics is illustrated in a simulation of the introduction of Halon 1301 into an environment of fire gases.

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