“…Studies on sublethal effects of pesticides in terms of alteration in Malpighian tubule cells focused mainly on insects with an economic and/or ecological relevance such as hymenopteran, dipteran and coleopteran species. Ultrastructural, histochemical and immunocytochemical alterations have been investigated only for nicotinoid such as thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in Apis mellifera (De Almeida Rossi et al, ; Catae et al, ), for hydramethylnon (Decio et al, ) and boric acid (Sumida et al, ) in Atta sexdens rubropilosa , for permethrin in Drosophila melanogaster, for fipronil and boric acid in Scaptotrigona postica (Ferreira et al , ). Results from laboratory assay show that the amount and type of alterations in cells of Malpighian tubules depend on the exposure length and the pesticide chemical characteristic, besides the pesticide concentration.…”