Toxicological Effects of Sudan III Azo Dye in Palm Oil on Liver Enzyme and Non Enzyme Markers of Albino Rat

Ndidi, Nwachoko; Odinga, T.; Brantley, Akuru Udiomine; Emmanuel, Ibanibo Tamunomiebam

doi:10.11648/j.ijnfs.20200904.12

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The potential for mutagenicity of azo dyes depends on the ability of the molecule to produce aromatic amines which are active and semiquinone radicals. Semiquinone radicals on further degradation produce superoxide, hydroxyl radicals and H 2 O 2 [13]. This action is influenced by the structural relationship, which results in the breakage of the azo linkage leading to oxidation of the primary aromatic amine which has been liberated [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Group I was the control group. Groups II and III were given 1 ml/kg of unadulterated palm oil and adulterated respectively [19]. Groups IV and V were given 50 mg/kg Sudan III and Sudan IV respectively [20].…”

Section: Experimental Grouping/treatment Of Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxidative stress however arises when there is an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify these reactive products [17]. A major challenge associated with the use of adulterants in palm oil is that the adulterants have not undergone adequate research and the degree of health hazards they can pose to humans when consumed not well established [13,18].…”

Section: •−mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The azo groups are generally connected to benzene and naphthalene rings, but can also be attached to aromatic heterocycles or enolizable aliphatic groups. The color of the azo dyes is determined by the azo bonds and their and Fortune [19] was employed to check for the presence of adulterant-Sudan dye in samples of palm oil. This analysis was done using petroleum spirit and concentrations of hydrochloric acid/ water (1:1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Azo Dye Adulterated Palm Oil on the Expression of Inflammatory, Functional, Antioxidant Markers and Body Weights in Albino Rats

Ibukun¹,

Atere²,

Augustine³

2021

J Toxicol Risk Assess

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Food is important to life and the continuous exposure to food throughout an individual's lifetime renders diet the most important environmental factor challenging the biological system. Only few studies exist for evaluations of the toxicological effects of adulterated palm oil on biochemical parameters. This study was undertaken to evaluate the expression of the activity of inflammatory enzymes (TNF-α, MCP-1), antioxidant enzymes (GPx-1, CAT) and functional markers (EPO, ALB, CRIM) in liver, kidney and testicular tissues of albino Rats and to check for probable weight difference in treated animals before and after treatment. 25 albino rats were divided into 5 groups and treated as thus; group I (control), groups II and III (1 ml/kg of unadulterated and adulterated palm oil respectively), groups IV and V (50 mg/kg Sudan III and IV respectively) for 28 days. Gene expression levels were evaluated using reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction protocols. The expression of inflammatory markers: Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and oxidative stress markers catalase: (CAT), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) were significantly up regulated (p < 0.05) in the liver, kidney and testes with the expression of functional markers: Albumin (ALB), erythropoietin (EPO), calcium responsive transcription factor (CRIM) significantly (p < 0.05) down regulated in groups III, IV and IV when compared to control groups. No weight gain was observed in treated animals before and after treatment. Ultimately, Sudan dyes are able to induce production of ROS which has been implicated in several disease conditions thus not safe for consumption.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Grouping/treatment Of Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: •−mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Azo Dye Adulterated Palm Oil on the Expression of Inflammatory, Functional, Antioxidant Markers and Body Weights in Albino Rats

Ibukun¹,

Atere²,

Augustine³

2021

J Toxicol Risk Assess

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Nigerian Palm Oil: Quality Disparity, Contamination and Processing Wastes Handling

Abdullahi¹,

Umar²,

Tsoho³

et al. 2023

FJS

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The review article intended to provide an overview of quality variation and various contaminants in locally processed palm oil (PO). The paper also deliberates on the pros and cons of wastes generated during PO processing. There is a serious concern about the quality and safety of crude PO in Nigeria resulting from poor quality raw materials, inadequate processing know-how, inappropriate packaging and storage facilities, poor handling and transportation system and more importantly adulteration by producers and marketers. Wide disparities in the chemical and physical composition were reported in the literature. This may result from the variations in the chemical composition of the palm fruit, environmental factors, variation in processing operations which is determined by the location and abuse during handling and transportation. Microbial contamination is the foremost safety challenge in Nigerian crude PO processing. Higher microbial counts and the presence of toxic microorganisms including aflatoxins-producing fungi were reported by many researchers. Oil palm production in contaminated soil account for PO heavy metals contamination, though, heavy metals contamination below permissible limits was reported in most cases. Wastes generated from PO processing can be detrimental to the environment. Alternately, various benefits can be derived from the proper handling and utilisation of PO processing wastes. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a good substrate for the production of organic manure, biomolecules and amendment of oil-contaminated soil. Recommendations on how to tackle various challenges along the PO supply chain were presented at the end of the paper.

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Toxicological Effects of Sudan III Azo Dye in Palm Oil on Liver Enzyme and Non Enzyme Markers of Albino Rat

Cited by 2 publications

References 11 publications

Effects of Azo Dye Adulterated Palm Oil on the Expression of Inflammatory, Functional, Antioxidant Markers and Body Weights in Albino Rats

Effects of Azo Dye Adulterated Palm Oil on the Expression of Inflammatory, Functional, Antioxidant Markers and Body Weights in Albino Rats

Nigerian Palm Oil: Quality Disparity, Contamination and Processing Wastes Handling

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