Toxicology of a potential molluscicide derived from the plantSolanum xanthocarpum: a preliminary study

Abstract

A potential molluscicidal extract, obtained from the indigenous Chinese plant Solanum xanthocarpum (Schrad. and Wendl), was tested for toxicity against snails and fish in static, acute-toxicity tests. The extract had a significant effect on mature and young snails of the amphibious Asian freshwater prosobranch Oncomelania hupensis (Gredler) and also on mature specimens of the freshwater pulmonate snails Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) and Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus). The minimum dose that produced 100% mortality of snails exposed for 48h, 4.321mg/litre, is much less than the threshold, of 100mg/litre, set for a potential molluscicide by the World Health Organization. In contrast, the minimum concentration producing 100% mortality in the fish Gobiocypris rarus (Ye and Fu) was 17.28mg/litre. The extract also limited the extent of water-leaving by snails exposed to it, an important feature for the control of amphibious snails. This extract thus represents a promising plant-derived molluscicide which is worthy of further investigation.

A polyherbal ayurvedic drug – Indukantha Ghritha as an adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy via immunomodulation

“…As believed by the ayurvedic physicians, the drug may show this effect only when all the plants are used in combination, suggested by its effects on the different arms of the immune response. This is further supported by the fact that this drug when given as whole is non-toxic while many of its individual components are reported to be highly toxic (Solomon et al, 1993;Wei et al, 2002). The overall results highlight the beneficial use of IG as an adjuvant agent effective in better reduction of the tumor and reversing the adverse effects of CYP.…”

Molluscicidal activity of various solvent extracts fromSolanum nigrumvar.villosumL. aerial parts againstGalba truncatula

“…The search for local plants with molluscicidal activity was considered more sustainable than the use of synthetic molluscicides. Plants from Solanaceae family with several species of Solanum have been found to have a significant and potentially useful molluscicidal activity (Medina & Ritchi, 1980; Kloos et al , 1987; Beccouche et al, 2000; Wei et al , 2002; Silva et al , 2006). Galba truncatula ( G. truncatula ) has been identified as the main intermediate host of fasciolosis in southern Tunisia (Ayadi et al , 1997, Hammami & Ayadi, 1999; Hammami et al , 2007).…”

Is Validation of Indigenous Ecological Knowledge a Disrespectful Process? A Case Study of Traditional Fishing Poisons and Invasive Fish Management from the Wet Tropics, Australia

“…There is a widespread interest in including fishing poisons in modern pest management because they are effective on many aquatic pest species, and are usually less expensive (Bagalwa and Chifundera 2007) and perceived as more environmentally friendly than chemical pesticides (Ramanujam and Ratha 1980). Scientific validation has previously been applied to assess the effect of traditional fishing poisons on target pest species (Ramanujam and Ratha 1980, Ibrahim et al 2000, Luitgards-Moura et al 2002, Kalita et al 2007) and nontarget species (Wei et al 2002, Singh and Singh, 2005, Bagalwa and Chifundera 2007 in Africa, India, South America, and China. However, none of these studies evaluated the validation process in terms of communities of learning, equity, and respect.…”