Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review

Loh, Zhi Hung; Ouwerkerk, D.; Klieve, Athol V.; Hungerford, Natasha L.; Fletcher, Mary T.

doi:10.3390/toxins12100664

Cited by 60 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 226 publications

(303 reference statements)

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“…Also, a previous work [ 33 ] demonstrated that feed contaminated with regular levels of Fusarium mycotoxins adversely affected the metabolic profile of dairy cows. Therefore, the alterations of some sphingolipids and ceramides observed in this work could be related to an impaired sphingolipids metabolism, as previously reviewed by Loh et al [ 9 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

“…According to literature [ 29 ], most of the studies on this topic are based on aflatoxins (AFB1), which is reported to induce downregulation of antioxidant enzymes—such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase—thus resulting in increased lipid peroxidation by-products and a strong decrease in the levels of the predominant exogenous antioxidant compounds, such as glutathione. Accordingly, in our survey, we found a significant up-accumulation of oxidized glutathione (VIP score = 1.25) in milk samples belonging to cluster 3 (i.e., contamination by high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins), although no aflatoxins were detected in any corn silage samples [ 9 ]. Glutathione is an antioxidant molecule that helps protecting cells from reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of mycotoxins in silage has been comprehensively reviewed [ 6 , 7 ], with particular emphasis on the occurrence, effects, prevention, and mitigation strategies. Going into details, ruminants can be less severely affected by certain mycotoxins compared to monogastrics, which is attributed to the microbial activity in the rumen that can modify mycotoxins into less toxic compounds [ 8 , 9 ]. In the last years, several works have deepened the co-occurrence of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in corn silages, by focusing on different parameters, such as fermentation quality and bacterial communities [ 7 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes of Milk Metabolomic Profiles Resulting from a Mycotoxins-Contaminated Corn Silage Intake by Dairy Cows

Rocchetti

Ghilardelli

Bonini³

et al. 2021

Metabolites

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In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) was used for investigating changes in chemical profiles of cow milk considering diets based on mycotoxins-contaminated corn silages. For this purpose, 45 milk samples were classified into five clusters according to the corn silage contamination profile, namely (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites, and subsequently analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS followed by a multivariate statistical analysis (both unsupervised and supervised statistical approaches). Overall, the milk metabolomic profile highlighted potential correlations between the quality of contaminated corn silages (as part of the total mixed ration) and milk composition. Metabolomics allowed to identify 628 significant milk metabolites as affected by the five levels of corn silage contamination considered, with amino acids and peptides showing the highest metabolite set enrichment (134 compounds). Additionally, 78 metabolites were selected as the best discriminant of the prediction model built, possessing a variable importance in projection score >1.2. The average Log Fold-Change variations of the discriminant metabolites provided evidence that sphingolipids, together with purine and pyrimidine-derived metabolites were the most affected chemical classes. Also, metabolomics revealed a significant accumulation of oxidized glutathione in milk samples belonging to the silage cluster contaminated by emerging Aspergillus toxins, likely involved in the oxidative imbalance. These preliminary findings provide new insights into the potential role of milk metabolomics to provide chemical indicators of mycotoxins-contaminated corn silage feeding systems.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Changes of Milk Metabolomic Profiles Resulting from a Mycotoxins-Contaminated Corn Silage Intake by Dairy Cows

Rocchetti

Ghilardelli

Bonini³

et al. 2021

Metabolites

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“…Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by various mold species [ 1 , 2 ]. One of the most studied mycotoxins is trichothecenes, which has more than 200 derivatives [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Green Tea Powders on the Protection of Brown Tsaiya and Kaiya Ducklings against Trichothecene T-2 Toxin Toxicity

Tso

Lumsangkul

Cheng

et al. 2021

Animals

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A 3-week feeding trial in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design was conducted with three concentrations (0, 0.5, and 5 mg/kg) of T-2 toxin (T-2) and two levels (0% and 0.5%) of green tea powder (GTP) supplements used in the diets of female brown Tsaiya ducklings (BTDs) and Kaiya ducklings (KDs), respectively. Breed had a significant effect on the growth performances and the relative weights of organs and carcass. In general, the growth performances of KDs were better than BTDs. The relative weights of organs and carcass of BTDs were typically heavier than those of KDs; however, the breast of KDs was heavier than those of BTDs. Both ducklings received 5 mg/kg of T-2 blended in the diet showed lower feed intake and body weight gain (BWG) in the second and the third week. The diet containing 5 mg/kg of T-2 and 0.5% GTP improved the BWG compared to those fed the diet supplemented with 5 mg/kg of T-2 without GTP in BTDs. Ducklings fed the diet containing 5 mg/kg of T-2 induced hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia, as well as decreased concentrations of creatine phosphokinase and alkaline phosphatase. The concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) were increased in KDs and BTDs fed the diet containing 5 mg/kg of T-2 without GTP, respectively. However, duckling diets containing 5 mg/kg of T-2 with 0.5% GTP lowered concentrations of BUN and GOT in the blood plasma of KDs and BTDs, respectively. The diet containing 5 mg/kg of T-2 increased the relative kidney weight but decreased the relative breast weight of ducklings. Enlarged gizzards and reduced relative leg weights were observed in BTDs fed the diets containing 5 mg/kg of T-2. In summary, BTDs are more sensitive than KDs in responding to T-2 toxicity and GTP detoxification. Green tea powder has detoxification ability and could potentially mitigate T-2 toxicity on BWG, BUN, and GOT in ducklings.

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“…Ruminants are less sensitive to OTA intoxication as compared to monogastric animals. In ruminants, microflora in rumen can degrade OTA to the virtually non-toxic ochratoxin α (OTα) [12]. Moreover, the exposure of foodproducing animals to OTA via feed consumption can result in undesirable OTA residues in animal-derived food products ("carry-over effect" in meat, eggs or milk), contributing to the human intake of OTA via indirect transmission [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ochratoxin A in Slaughtered Pigs and Pork Products

Vlachou

Pexara

Σολωμάκος

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that is produced after the growth of several Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. in feeds or foods. OTA has been proved to possess nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic, neurotoxic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and immunotoxic effects in animals and humans. OTA has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the IARC in 2016. OTA can be mainly found in animals as a result of indirect transmission from naturally contaminated feed. OTA found in feed can also contaminate pigs and produced pork products. Additionally, the presence of OTA in pork meat products could be derived from the direct growth of OTA-producing fungi or the addition of contaminated materials such as contaminated spices. Studies accomplished in various countries have revealed that pork meat and pork meat products are important sources of chronic dietary exposure to OTA in humans. Various levels of OTA have been found in pork meat from slaughtered pigs in many countries, while OTA levels were particularly high in the blood serum and kidneys of pigs. Pork products made from pig blood or organs such as the kidney or liver have been often found to becontaminated with OTA. The European Union (EU) has established maximum levels (ML) for OTA in a variety of foods since 2006, but not for meat or pork products. However, the establishement of an ML for OTA in pork meat and meat by-products is necessary to protect human health.

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Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review

Cited by 60 publications

References 226 publications

Changes of Milk Metabolomic Profiles Resulting from a Mycotoxins-Contaminated Corn Silage Intake by Dairy Cows

Changes of Milk Metabolomic Profiles Resulting from a Mycotoxins-Contaminated Corn Silage Intake by Dairy Cows

Differential Effects of Green Tea Powders on the Protection of Brown Tsaiya and Kaiya Ducklings against Trichothecene T-2 Toxin Toxicity

Ochratoxin A in Slaughtered Pigs and Pork Products

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