Toxinology: Taxonomy, Interpretation, and Information Resources

Wexler, Philip; Fonger, George Charles; White, Julian; Weinstein, Sidney

doi:10.1080/0194262x.2014.993788

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…By critically evaluating the existing literature, this review aims to provide healthcare professionals and people at risk for human envenomations caused by marine animals with a complete understanding of the available first-aid options for this common toxinology problem [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot-Water Immersion (HWI) or Ice-Pack Treatment (IPT) as First Aid for Human Envenomation by Marine Animals? Review of Literature

Niżnik,

Jabłońska,

Orczyk

et al. 2024

Toxins

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Envenomation by marine animals poses a significant health concern globally, affecting both local residents and tourists in coastal regions. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate the existing scientific literature to determine the most effective first-aid treatment for envenomations caused by marine animals, specifically whether hot-water immersion (HWI) or ice-pack treatment (IPT) provides the best immediate care. This comprehensive review covers a wide range of marine envenomations, from jellyfish stings to stingray injuries. While our focus is primarily on the efficacy of HWI and IPT, we also explore the role of cold-water treatment as a result of its relevance and similarity to ice-pack applications. In addition, we examine other treatments mentioned in the literature, such as medications or vinegar, and highlight their findings where applicable. To provide a clear and structured overview, we summarised the articles in separate tables. These tables categorise the type of research conducted, the marine species studied, the region of origin of the marine species, and the key findings of each study. Our analysis of the available evidence indicates a general consensus in the scientific community on the effectiveness of HWI or IPT for envenomation by marine animals. However, when treating those injuries, it is crucial to consider all factors since there is no universally superior treatment due to the diverse nature of marine habitats.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot-Water Immersion (HWI) or Ice-Pack Treatment (IPT) as First Aid for Human Envenomation by Marine Animals? Review of Literature

Niżnik,

Jabłońska,

Orczyk

et al. 2024

Toxins

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“…Toxins are defined as substances produced by living organisms that cause deleterious effects in other organisms (named targets) exposed to them (Wexler et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venomous Noodles: evolution of toxins in Nemertea through positive selection and gene duplication

Sonoda

Tobaruela

Norenburg

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Some, probably most and perhaps all, members of the phylum Nemertea are venomous, documented so far from marine and benthic specimens. Although the toxicity of these animals has been long known, systematic studies on characterization of toxins, mechanisms of toxicity and toxin evolution for this group are relatively scarce compared to other venomous groups. Here we present the first investigation of the molecular evolution of toxins in Nemertea. Using a proteo-transcriptomic approach, we described toxins in the body and poisonous mucus of the pilidiophoran Lineus sanguineus and the hoplonemertean Nemertopsis pamelaroeae. Using these new and publicly available transcriptomes, we investigated the molecular evolution of six selected toxin gene families. In addition, we have also characterized in silico the toxin genes found in the interstitial hoplonemertean, Ototyphlonemertes erneba, a first record for meiofaunal taxa. We identified 99 toxin transcripts in the pilidiophoran L. sanguineus, including previously known toxins, such as the alpha-nemertides and the Cytotoxins-A. However, for each of the hoplonemerteans, no more than 30 toxin transcripts were found. Genomic alignments and tree reconciliation methods supported the occurrence of at least one gene duplication in each analyzed toxin gene. Evidence of positive selection was observed in all investigated toxin genes. We hypothesized that an increased rate of gene duplications observed for Pilidiophora could be involved with the origin and expansion of toxin genes. Studies concerning the natural history of Nemertea are still needed to understand the evolution of their toxins. Nevertheless, our results show evolutionary mechanisms similar to those observed in other venomous groups.

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“…Moreover, these marine cnidarians are also able to prey and capture crustaceans, small crabs, mollusks, sea urchins, and even small fish [ 9 ] using venom as a kind of a “remarkable cellular and biochemical weapon” [ 3 , 10 ], as the venomous secret (a complex cocktail of the mainly toxic components of protein and non-protein nature) causes paralysis and even death in affected preys. Therefore, sea anemones use toxins for specific purposes: protection from potential predators, attack and paralysis of preys, as well as inter- and intraspecific competition [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sea Anemone Neurotoxins Modulating Sodium Channels: An Insight at Structure and Functional Activity after Four Decades of Investigation

Monastyrnaya

Kalina

Kozlovskaya

2022

Toxins

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Many human cardiovascular and neurological disorders (such as ischemia, epileptic seizures, traumatic brain injury, neuropathic pain, etc.) are associated with the abnormal functional activity of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs/NaVs). Many natural toxins, including the sea anemone toxins (called neurotoxins), are an indispensable and promising tool in pharmacological researches. They have widely been carried out over the past three decades, in particular, in establishing different NaV subtypes functional properties and a specific role in various pathologies. Therefore, a large number of publications are currently dedicated to the search and study of the structure-functional relationships of new sea anemone natural neurotoxins–potential pharmacologically active compounds that specifically interact with various subtypes of voltage gated sodium channels as drug discovery targets. This review presents and summarizes some updated data on the structure-functional relationships of known sea anemone neurotoxins belonging to four structural types. The review also emphasizes the study of type 2 neurotoxins, produced by the tropical sea anemone Heteractis crispa, five structurally homologous and one unique double-stranded peptide that, due to the absence of a functionally significant Arg14 residue, loses toxicity but retains the ability to modulate several VGSCs subtypes.

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Toxinology: Taxonomy, Interpretation, and Information Resources

Cited by 12 publications

References 24 publications

Hot-Water Immersion (HWI) or Ice-Pack Treatment (IPT) as First Aid for Human Envenomation by Marine Animals? Review of Literature

Hot-Water Immersion (HWI) or Ice-Pack Treatment (IPT) as First Aid for Human Envenomation by Marine Animals? Review of Literature

Venomous Noodles: evolution of toxins in Nemertea through positive selection and gene duplication

The Sea Anemone Neurotoxins Modulating Sodium Channels: An Insight at Structure and Functional Activity after Four Decades of Investigation

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