Toxocara cati larval migration to mouse fetuses through transplacental infection

Okada, Nahoko; Ooi, Hong-Kean; Taira, Kensuke

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109350

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…was restricted to two ocular toxocariasis cases, including a neonate presenting retinopathy 52 and a five-week-old infant with strabismus 53 . Nevertheless, both vertical www.nature.com/scientificreports/ transmission of T. canis 54,55 and intrauterine passage of T. cati larvae 56 were experimentally demonstrated in murine models. Moreover, maternal Toxocara spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for toxocariasis during incarceration: the One Health intervention approach

Santarém,

Pinto,

de Souza Filho

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Despite potential exposure to soil-transmitted helminths, especially when stray dogs and cats are present, toxocariasis in inmate populations remains to be established. Accordingly, the present study assessed the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of toxocariasis at the Women's State Penitentiary of Parana, Brazil. A total of 234/370 (63.2%; 95% CI 58.2–68.0) women inmates and 28/87 (32.2%; 95% CI 23.3–42.6) correctional officers were seropositive for anti-Toxocara spp. IgG by ELISA, with inmates 2.62-fold more likely positive (p = 0.00000026). The univariate model has identified that non-white (OR = 1.58, p = 0.047) and older than 39 years (OR = 1.28, p = 0.032) inmates were associated with mild but significant odds for seropositivity. Elementary or higher educational level was considered a protective factor for seropositivity. The presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was observed in 10/15 (66.7%) collected soil samples by centrifuge-flotation in Zinc Sulfate, and molecular analysis by PCR identified only Toxocara cati in these eggs. An intervention program was established with regular trap-neuter-release, with gradual removal for adoption (donation campaigns), treatment, and euthanasia when necessary (particularly due to advanced sporotrichosis). In addition, an educational awareness agenda was proposed, aiming to reduce soil contamination and accidental intake by the incarcerated population. A total of 40 feral cats were trapped, 20 males and 20 females, mostly adults. After trapping, 36 cats were neutered, treated, and microchipped in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) at the Federal University of Paraná. Five trapped feral cats were euthanized, four diagnosed with advanced sporotrichosis, and one already neutered cat (not herein) with complications due to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Female inmates presented higher seroprevalence for Toxocara spp. antibodies when compared to correctional officers, significantly associated with age, self-declared ethnicity (non-white), and lack of formal education. Despite the non-natural scenario of a state penitentiary, the One Health approach of Toxocara spp. has highlighted the interdisciplinary nature of the study and its relevance in understanding the complex interactions between human, animal, and environmental factors, particularly impacting female inmates. Further studies should establish the rate of inmate infection over time while deprived of liberty.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for toxocariasis during incarceration: the One Health intervention approach

Santarém,

Pinto,

de Souza Filho

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…In the first part of the present study, by counting the number of larvae per gram of tissue, we have shown that toxocariasis caused by T. cati in BALB/c mice presents a dynamics that is very similar to the infection by this helminth or by T. canis in BALB/c mice [ 13 , 23 ]. It has been shown that tissue digestion and conventional evaluation such as microscopic observations could remain a reliable tool for the diagnosis of toxocariasis in affected mice, given that they recovered large quantities of larvae during the course of the experimentally infection [ 24 – 28 ]. In BALB/c mice, orally infected with 2500 larval eggs, parasite larvae were detected for the first time in the liver at day 1 and the recovery time in the tissues continued until the day twenty-eighth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larva migrans in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with Toxocara cati ensured by PCR assay

et al. 2022

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Background Toxocara cati, the cat roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that known to cause toxocariasis in intermediate hosts and humans. In this study, we characterized the dynamics of T. cati larvae migration in BALB/c mice after inoculation with eggs and ensured the migration detecting the larval DNA by a PCR. To evaluate the dynamics of larval migration and distribution, twenty-four BALB/c mice were orally inoculated with 2500 T. cati infective eggs and the visceral organs of the infected animals were examined by pepsin digestion and microscopic parasite counts, followed by PCR at day 1 to 28 post-inoculation. Results The PCR assays were successfully used for detection of T. cati larvae in tissue samples and T. cati larvae and the DNAs were found in the liver, lungs, heart, kidneys and the brain. We detected T. cati in 92.2% of tissue samples by PCR, 30% higher than the conventional pepsin digestion technique. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that the PCR assay is a sensitive and specific for the detection of T. cati larvae. Therefore, it could become a useful tool for the investigation of the dynamics of larval migration and Toxocara infection in murine model.

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“…Even though T. canis might go undetectable sometimes, there is a possibility of somatic tissue larvae, especially in females. However, the organism might be reactivated during pregnancy and infect the offspring (25) before or after birth through the placenta or lactation (26,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coprological detection of Toxocariosis in domicile and stray dogs and cats in Sulaimani province, Iraq

Rashid¹,

Aziz²,

Ali³

et al. 2022

IJVS

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Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are ascarid nematodes, belong to the Toxocaridae family and genus Toxocara, causing toxocariosis in dogs and cats. The disease is mainly transmitted between animals and humans through ingestion of contaminated food with the embryonated eggs of the parasite. In addition, vertical transmission of the Toxocara larvae from pregnant bitches to their offspring through placenta and milk has been reported. Nowadays, stray dogs and cats, which are unvaccinated or not treated against the parasites, play a significant role in introducing the disease and seem to be a common public health concern. The study aimed to identify the rate of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati infection among the domiciliary and stray dogs and cats that presented to the veterinary clinics, using direct fecal smear and fecal floatation techniques. The results showed that stray cats were highly infected 47.62% in comparison to domiciled cats 5.56%. In contrast, the T. canis infection among domiciled and stray dogs was about 11.11% and 11.76%, respectively. Adult cats and dogs were found to have a higher infectious rate cat; 30%, dogs; 14.81% than younger age groups cats; 27.58%, dogs; 8%. There was a moderate and highly significant positive correlation between the lifestyle and infectious rate in cats. In conclusion, stray cats and dogs are the leading risk factor for transmitting the disease.

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Toxocara cati larval migration to mouse fetuses through transplacental infection

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

Risk factors for toxocariasis during incarceration: the One Health intervention approach

Risk factors for toxocariasis during incarceration: the One Health intervention approach

Larva migrans in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with Toxocara cati ensured by PCR assay

Coprological detection of Toxocariosis in domicile and stray dogs and cats in Sulaimani province, Iraq

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