Toxocara eggs in public places worldwide - A systematic review and meta-analysis

Fakhri, Yadolah; Gasser, Robin B.; Rostami, Ali; Fan, Chia Kwung; Ghasemi, Seyed Mehdi; Javanian, Mostafa; Bayani, Masomeh; Armoon, Bahram; Moradi, Bigard

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.087

Cited by 119 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Contact with dogs and cats is a known risk factor for human infection because of their potential for soil contamination in public places with parasites eggs and oocysts . In our study, a significant association was found between contact with animals (dog and cat) and T. gondii / Toxocara spp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. infections among pregnant women with and without previous abortions in the west of Iran

Raissi

Taghipour

Navi

et al. 2020

J of Obstet and Gynaecol

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Aim In spite of the importance of toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis among the high‐risk groups, such as pregnant women, the infections are categorized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. infections can cause systemic and ocular diseases in infants during pregnancy. In this study, we investigated seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis and their co‐infection in pregnant women and non‐pregnant women referred to the healthcare facilities of Ilam province, west of Iran. Methods A total of 378 sera samples (189 pregnant women and 189 non‐pregnant women) was investigated for the presence of IgG antibodies against T. gondii and Toxocara spp. by Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The samples of all pregnant women with abortion (56 cases) were also evaluated for IgM anti‐toxoplasmosis antibody by ELISA method. Moreover, associated factors were obtained from the participant's questionnaires. Data analysis for this study was performed using the spss software version 20. Results Seroprevalence of T. gondii, Toxocara spp., and their co‐infection in pregnant women was 39.7%, 21.2% and 9.5%, respectively. Regarding the risk factors, the contact with a cat (P = 0.04) and dog (P = 0.00) were significantly associated with T. gondii and Toxocara spp., respectively. Conclusion This study highlighted the importance of serological diagnosis before pregnancy. Moreover, we believe that more epidemiological studies are needed for a better understanding of overlaps between T. gondii and Toxocara spp. in pregnant women.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. infections among pregnant women with and without previous abortions in the west of Iran

Raissi

Taghipour

Navi

et al. 2020

J of Obstet and Gynaecol

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“…Furthermore, the univariate analysis in this study revealed that handwashing after animal contact and drinking untreated water were significantly associated with T. canis infection; however, these associations were not statistically significant in the multivariate analysis. Humans acquire T. canis by ingesting infective eggs, which can be found in public places worldwide, including Thailand [33]. This study emphasizes the importance of hand hygiene to prevent parasite eggs from entering the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection and associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in rural Southern Thailand

Phasuk

Punsawad

2020

Trop Med Health

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Background: Human toxocariasis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by a parasite in the genus Toxocara and is transmitted mainly by the accidental ingestion of embryonated Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) or T. cati (cat roundworm) eggs. Several studies reported that children were the main population at risk for T. canis infection. Currently, no reports on the seroprevalence of T. canis infection in Thailand are available, and its status remains unknown among children who live in rural areas of southern Thailand. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of T. canis infection and its associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in rural areas of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. Methods: A total of 177 schoolchildren between 6 and 13 years of age were recruited between June and July 2019. Serum anti-T. canis IgG antibodies were detected with a commercial ELISA kit. A questionnaire administered by direct interviews was used to collect demographic and behavioral risk factor data. Results: The overall seroprevalence of T. canis infection was 58.2% (103 of 177). The univariate analysis revealed that schoolchildren who did not practice handwashing before a meal (crude odds ratio (COR) = 3.67, 95% CI 1.93-6.95, P < 0.001), did not practice hand washing after animal contact (COR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.53-5.47, P = 0.001), and drank untreated water (COR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.00-3.48, P = 0.049) had an increased risk of acquiring T. canis infection. However, after adjusting for confounders, only a lack of handwashing before a meal remained a significant risk factor (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.20, 95% CI 1.11-4.34, P = 0.023). Age, sex, owning a dog, and eating fresh vegetables were not significantly associated with T. canis infection in the current study. Conclusions: This is the first serological investigation of T. canis infection among schoolchildren in Thailand. The high rate of Toxocara seropositivity reflected high levels of exposure to T. canis among schoolchildren in rural areas of southern Thailand. The results also provide baseline data regarding modifiable risk behaviors for effective T. canis infection prevention strategies in southern Thailand, especially strengthening hand washing practices among schoolchildren.

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“…Although many investigations had indicated that environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs is a major risk factor for human toxocariasis, there was, until recently, no detailed analysis of published information. For this reason, we carried out the first systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the global prevalence of Toxocara eggs in public places, including playgrounds, parks and beaches (Fakhri et al, 2018). We identified 109 peer-reviewed studies by searching four public databases (Embase, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus); in these studies, a total of 42,797 soil samples from 40 countries around the world were tested for the presence of Toxocara eggs using conventional diagnostic methods (usually flotation).…”

Section: Recent Estimates Of the Prevalence Of Toxocara Eggs In Publimentioning

confidence: 99%

Human toxocariasis – A look at a neglected disease through an epidemiological ‘prism’

Rostami

Wang

et al. 2019

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Toxocara eggs in public places worldwide - A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 119 publications

References 36 publications

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. infections among pregnant women with and without previous abortions in the west of Iran

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. infections among pregnant women with and without previous abortions in the west of Iran

Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection and associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in rural Southern Thailand

Human toxocariasis – A look at a neglected disease through an epidemiological ‘prism’

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