Toxoplasmosis as a cause of life‐threatening respiratory distress in a dog receiving immunosuppressive therapy

Pepper, Amy; Mansfield, Caroline; Stent, Andrew; Johnstone, Thurid

doi:10.1002/ccr3.2121

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…We propose that this dog developed an opportunistic infection secondary to immunosuppression from prednisone and oclacitinib. Immunosuppression has been linked to the development of opportunistic infections in both veterinary and human medicine ( 5 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 ). One other case report describes a dog that developed septic pericarditis with C. albicans and Acinetobacter 39 days following treatment initiation for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia with prednisolone and azathioprine ( 5 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the dog in this case report, it is unknown if a single drug predisposed her to develop this opportunistic infection, a combination, or another unknown factor. In a literature review, most canine cases with an opportunistic infection had been on multiple immunosuppressant medications an average of 69 days before presenting with infections ( 15 – 18 ). The dog reported here had been on prednisone 19 days and oclacitinib approximately 1,440 days before she was diagnosed with septic pericarditis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Case Report: Septic Pericarditis With Achromobacter xyloxidans in an Immunosuppressed Dog

Pascutti

Dolan²,

Porter

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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A 5-year-old female spayed French Bulldog presented for anorexia and increased respiratory rate. On presentation, she was dyspneic with stridor and increased bronchovesicular sounds. Point-of-care ultrasound identified pericardial effusion. Thoracic radiographs identified pleural effusion, a wide cranial mediastinum, and multifocal unstructured interstitial pulmonary opacities. Bloodwork revealed a moderate leukocytosis characterized by a mature neutrophilia with a left shift, hypoalbuminemia, mildly increased alkaline phosphatase activity, and moderate hypokalemia. Thoracic CT findings revealed moderate pericardial and bilateral pleural effusion, mediastinal effusion, and moderate cranial mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Diagnostic thoracocentesis and pericardiocentesis revealed septic exudates with bacilli. Two days later, a median sternotomy and pericardiectomy were performed. Aerobic cultures of the effusions grew Achromobacter xylosoxidans ss deitrificans. The patient was treated with Amoxicillin-clavulanate and enrofloxacin for 12 weeks and clinically fully recovered. Achromobacter xylosoxidans has not been reported as a cause of purulent pericarditis and pyothorax in a dog. Uniquely, this patient is suspected of developing this infection secondary to immunosuppression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Report: Septic Pericarditis With Achromobacter xyloxidans in an Immunosuppressed Dog

Pascutti

Dolan²,

Porter

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Neuromuscular disorders caused by T. gondii, in one case identified as clonal Type 1, were described in two dogs [18,19]. In addition, toxoplasmosis was reported as severe and life-threatening respiratory distress in an immunosuppressed dog [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum Antibodies in Dogs and Cats from Egypt and Risk Factor Analysis

Salama

Fereig

Abdelbaky³

et al. 2022

Pathogens

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Background: Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are major protozoan parasites of worldwide distribution and significance in veterinary medicine and, for T. gondii, in public health. Cats and dogs, as final hosts for T. gondii and N. caninum, respectively, have a key function in environmental contamination with oocysts and, thus, in parasite transmission. Very little is known about the prevalence of T. gondii infections in dogs and cats in Egypt, and even less about the prevalence of N. caninum in the same hosts. Methods: In the current study, 223 serum samples of both dogs (n = 172) and cats (n = 51) were investigated for specific antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum using commercially available ELISAs. A risk factor analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with seropositivity. Results & discussion: Exposure to T. gondii was reported in 23.3% of the dogs and in 9.8% of the cats, respectively. In addition, N. caninum-specific antibodies were recorded in 5.8% of dogs and in 3.4% of cats. A mixed infection was found in two dogs (1.2%) and in one cat (2%). Antibodies to T. gondii in dogs were significantly more frequent in dogs aged 3 years or more and in male German Shepherds. As this breed is often used as watchdogs and was the most sampled breed in Alexandria governorate, the purpose “watchdog” (compared to “stray” or “companion”), the male sex, and the governorate “Alexandria” also had a significantly higher seroprevalence for T. gondii. No factors associated with antibodies to N. caninum could be identified in dogs, and no significant factors were determined in cats for either T. gondii or N. caninum infection. Our study substantially adds to the knowledge of T. gondii infection in dogs and cats and presents data on N. caninum infection in cats for the first and in dogs in Egypt for the second time.

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“…Cell-mediated immunity maintains bradyzoites in latent form and the infection is usually associated with a low degree of morbidity and mortality in dogs [ 190 , 198 ]. However, in rare cases, cutaneous or systemic toxoplasmosis has been documented in dogs receiving immunosuppressive treatments for other conditions [ 78 , 199 , 200 ]. Several of these cases were fatal, highlighting the potential severity of toxoplasmosis in dogs if reactivated.…”

Section: Protozoal Co-infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis

Beasley

Pessôa‐Pereira

Scorza

et al. 2021

Animals

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Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and L. infantum parasites are also endemic for additional infectious diseases that could cause co-infections in dogs. Growing evidence indicates that co-infections can impact immunologic responses and thus the clinical course of both CanL and the comorbid disease(s). The aim for this review is to summarize epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic factors contributing to eight primary co-infections reported with CanL: Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Paracoccidioides braziliensis. Co-infection causes mechanistic differences in immunity which can alter diagnostics, therapeutic management, and prognosis of dogs with CanL. More research is needed to further explore immunomodulation during CanL co-infection(s) and their clinical impact.

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Toxoplasmosis as a cause of life‐threatening respiratory distress in a dog receiving immunosuppressive therapy

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Case Report: Septic Pericarditis With Achromobacter xyloxidans in an Immunosuppressed Dog

Case Report: Septic Pericarditis With Achromobacter xyloxidans in an Immunosuppressed Dog

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum Antibodies in Dogs and Cats from Egypt and Risk Factor Analysis

Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis

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