Trace Element Content of Sedimentary Pyrite in Black Shales

Abstract

Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of 1,407 sedimentary (diagenetic and syngenetic) pyrites from 45 carbonaceous shale and unconsolidated sulfidic sediment samples, ranging in age from Paleoarchean to present day, show a considerable range of trace element compositions. Arsenic, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Co are among the most abundant trace elements, with medians ranging from 100 to 1,000 ppm. Less abundant elements Mo, Sb, Zn, and Se have median ranges of 10 to 100 ppm, and Ag, Bi, Te, Cd, and Au have median ranges of 0.01 to 10 ppm. Our dataset reveals three main groups of trace elements that are incorporated into pyrite in different ways. Group 1 elements (As, Ni, Co, Sb, Se, and Mo) are contained uniformly throughout the pyrite and may be held within the pyrite crystal structure or as nanoinclusions evenly distributed within pyrite. Group 2 elements (Bi, Pb, Ag, Au, Te, and Cu) generally occur uniformly at low concentrations and may be incorporated into the pyrite structure but are highly variable at high concentrations, where they may also occur as microinclusions. Group 3 elements (Zn and Cd) tend to have highly variable abundances and generally occur in pyrite as microinclusions of sphalerite.Factor analyses of the dataset identified five factors that account for 65.4% of the variance in pyrite trace element concentrations. Factor 1 includes Pb, Bi, Au, and Te, and explains 18.1% of the variance, possibly due to As(II) (Qian et al., 2013) or As(III) substituting for Fe in pyrite, which induces the uptake of these elements. Factor 2 includes Co, Ni, and As and accounts for 13.6% of the variance, possibly due to the presence of As(-I) substituting for S(-II) in pyrite, which, in turn, promotes the uptake of Ni and Co. Factor 3 includes Zn and Cd and explains 12.3% of the variance and is due to the presence of sphalerite inclusions. Factor 4 includes Se, Ag, and Sb and explains 11.0% of the variance, which is believed to reflect coeval input of these elements into the oceans during periods of increased oxygenation. Factor 5 includes Mn, Cu, and Mo and explains 10.4% of the variance. It is likely that this behavior is due to these elements being delivered together to the sediments by adsorbing to Mn (hydro)oxides, which are released when the Mn (hydro)oxides dissolve in reducing bottom waters or pore waters.Variations in pyrite texture do not show consistent compositional patterns between different samples, though within the same sample later formed pyrite tends to have lower trace element abundance. Many trace elements associated with mafic extrusions/circulation of fluids through mafic rocks (Ni, Co) are more enriched in Archean sedimentary pyrite at times when mafic volcanism/circulation of fluids through mafic rocks was more active. Similarly, some trace elements tend to be more enriched in Phanerozoic pyrite due to increasing levels of atmospheric oxidation.

Invisible Gold Paragenesis and Geochemistry in Pyrite from Orogenic and Sediment-Hosted Gold Deposits

“…The studies are grouped below according to the main gold stage with respect to pyrite growth. diagenetic pyrite in the black shale host rocks [20,28]. On the other hand, the euhedral shape of the pyrite overgrowth and its low Ni/Co ratio indicate that it is likely metamorphic and syn-orogenic.…”

“…The outer euhedral pyrite overgrowth has a completely different trace element chemistry to the core averaging 0.17 ppm Au, 4360 ppm As, 9.5 ppm Ag and 1.9 ppm Te, with a Ni/Co ratio of 2 compared to the core pyrite. The rounded shape of the pyrite core, its high Ni/Co ratio and Ag/Au > 10 suggest that it maybe original diagenetic pyrite in the black shale host rocks [20,28]. On the other hand, the euhedral shape of the pyrite overgrowth and its low Ni/Co ratio indicate that it is likely metamorphic and syn-orogenic.…”

Trace Element Analysis of Minerals in Magmatic-Hydrothermal Ores by Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Approaches and Opportunities

“…This is valuable evidence in support of a hybrid hydrothermal-palaeoplacer genetic model for the world's largest gold resource. Gregory et al (2015) [130] conducted LA-ICP-MS trace element analysis of >1400 diagenetic and syngenetic pyrites from 45 carbonaceous shale and unconsolidated sulfidic sediment samples. Despite extensive and often inconsistent variation in trace element signatures, three main groups of trace elements identified from factor analysis revealed element groupings that carry genetic implications, including recognisable signatures indicative of input from fluids associated with mafic rocks.…”

Effect of thermal maturity on remobilization of molybdenum in black shales

“…Pyrite recrystallization during TSR (Figs. 2B and C) likely causes Mo remobilization to pore fluids and the surrounding matrix (e.g., Large et al, 2007;Chappaz et al, 2014;Gregory et al, 2015) and, as a consequence, deteriorates the Mo-S correlation (Fig. 2C).…”

“…2C). Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis on a large sample set of sedimentary pyrite (diagenetic and syngenetic) has shown that early formed framboidal pyrite has higher Mo concentrations than associated recrystallized pyrite in the same rock sample (Gregory et al, 2015).…”