Trace elements as an activator of antioxidant enzymes

Abstract

Oxidative stress is a state of impaired balance between the formation of free radicals and antioxidant capacity of the body. It causes many defects of the body, e.g. lipid peroxidation, DNA and protein damage. In order to prevent the effects of oxidative stress, the organism has developed defence mechanisms. These mechanisms capture and inhibit the formation of free radicals and also chelate ion metals that catalyse free radical reactions. Trace elements are components of antioxidant enzymes involved in antioxidant mechanisms. Selenium, as a selenocysteine, is a component of the active site of glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The main function of GPx is neutralization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic peroxide (LOOH). Furthermore, selenium is a structural part of a large group of selenoproteins that are necessary for proper functioning of the body. Manganese, copper and zinc are a part of the group of superoxide dismutase enzymes (MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD), which catalyse the superoxide anion dismutation into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Formed hydrogen peroxide is decomposed into water and oxygen by catalase or glutathione peroxidase. An integral component of catalase (CAT) is iron ions. The concentration of these trace elements has a significant influence on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and thus on defence against oxidative stress. Even a small change in the level of trace elements in the tissue causes a disturbance in their metabolism, leading to the occurrence of many diseases.

Glutathione level and glutathione reductase activity in serum of coronary heart disease patients

“…Hydrogen peroxide is also a highly reactive molecule that is broken down into water by 2 types of enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). GPx uses glutathione (GSH) as a co-factor which is oxidized by reaction with hydrogen peroxide [6]. Glutathione reductase (GR), a flavoprotein enzyme, regenerates GSH from its oxidized form, with NADPH as a source of reducing power [7].…”

Quantitative determination of macroelement and microelement content of fresh and processed bamboo shoots by wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry

“…Sodium, potassium, and chlorine are important in the maintenance of osmotic balance between cells and the interstitial fluids . A small change in the concentration of minerals in the tissue causes a disturbance in their metabolism, which is associated with a number of health problems . There are two categories of mineral elements, macroelements and microelements or trace elements, that the body needs to properly operate.…”

“…[13] A small change in the concentration of minerals in the tissue causes a disturbance in their metabolism, which is associated with a number of health problems. [14] There are two categories of mineral elements, macroelements and microelements or trace elements, that the body needs to properly operate. Macroelements are essential for human beings in amounts 50 mg per day, and trace elements are essential in concentrations of 50 mg per day.…”

Biophysical Studies of Some Bee Products as Radioprotectors

“…Both enzymes protect the cell membranes from oxidative damage. Also Iron is a part of the heme of hemoglobin (Hb), myoglobin and cytochromes (Wołonciej et al 2016). The high concentration of these mineral elements in propolis must promote the formation of these enzymes, and as a consequence provide its potent antioxidant capacity (Kocot et al 2018).…”