Trace Elements Risk Assessment in Taps Drinking Water of Ramadi City, Anbar Province, Iraq

Self Cite

This study aims to assess the water quality of the Euphrates river in the section Fallujah Euphrates Reach (FER), in the city of Fallujah, western Iraq. Six heavy metals: 〖Cr〗^(3+), 〖Fe〗^(2+), 〖Zn〗^(+2), 〖Mn〗^(+2), 〖Ni〗^(+2) and 〖Pb〗^(+2) and ten water stations were chosen for the purpose of knowing whether or not these minerals are available in this important section of the Euphrates river and their concentrations in the river water because these minerals are harmful to health due to its lack of decomposition and accumulation within the organs of the body of living organisms. The samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ICP-OES. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HMPI), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HMEI), and Contamination Degree (CD) were employed to evaluate water quality. The findings were revealed that concentration of 〖Fe〗^(2+), 〖Ni〗^(+2) , and 〖Zn〗^(+2) exceeded the permissible limits based on Iraqi standard IQS, World Health Organization WHO, and United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA standards, whereas 〖Cr〗^(3+) , 〖Pb〗^(+2), and 〖Mn〗^(+2) concentrations were non-existent. Based on HMPI, HMEI and CD values, pollution of the Euphrates river is low. which indicates a small amount of pollution, and because the Euphrates water discharge is high, the concentration of heavy metals does not affect the river water. According to national and international guidelines, FER suffers from a low level of heavy metal pollution. However, the (CD), (HMPI), and (HMEI) indices indicated that FER water quality was satisfactory. In other words, the water quality of the Euphrates river in the current study reach is good, but that does not mean that the water is used without treatment to be pumped into the city. It has a low pollution rate, but that may have a negative impact on the health of consumers.

Section: Heavy Metal Pollution Index (Hmpi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When HPI is greater than 100, it means the water is unsafe for human consumption [8,24]. The minus sign (-) denotes the numerical difference between the two numbers, with the algebraic sign being ignored [25]. WHO recommendations were used to calculate the maximum concentration limit (MCL) [26].…”

Section: Heavy Metal Pollution Index (Hmpi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Quality Assessment of Euphrates River Using Heavy Metal Pollution Indices Within Fallujah City Reach, Anbar Province, Iraq

Hasham¹,

Ramal²

2022

Self Cite

“…City area is about (8353) square kilometers [24]. Euphrates flow through the four cities, the main source of drinking water supply in the study area is Euphrates river [25]. Fluoride concentrations in drinking water of Heet city have varied from (0.042 mg/l) in June of (2021) to (0.050 mg/l) in February and March of (2021) with annual average concentration of (0.047 mg/l).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water of Some Cities within Anbar Province, Iraq

Jalal¹,

Alboresha²,

Ramal³

2022

Self Cite

A fluoride atom (F) has a negatively-charged ion called a fluoride ion. The element fluoride can also be found in a compound called fluoride. Many countries with high rates of dental fluorosis naturally contain high levels of fluoride in their minerals and water supplies. The fluoride ion concentrations were determined by collecting drinking water samples twice a month from (July/2020 - to June/2021) from 4 main cities in Anbar Province in Iraq, during the rainy and dry seasons. The fluoride concentrations were then analyzed and compared with standard guides of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The objective of this study is to evaluate the fluoride concentrations in Ramadi, Fallujah, Khalidiyah, and Heet cities. The results showed small variations ranging from (0.041 mg/l) to (0.051 mg/l) when these results are compared with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) standard limitations. the recommended standard limitations of (EPA) and (WHO) for fluoride concentration range from (0.4 - to 1.5) mg/l, therefore the drinking water of these cities is comfortable to drink, but it may cause some problems, such as dental caries, dental fluorosis, colorless teeth yellowish, and blackish teeth. The results are also less than the typical concentration limitations, which, is (0.7 mg/l). To avoid the danger of poisoning, adding fluoride to water is not recommended unless it has been recommended by a professional in the food system or a dentist. However, humans can also get fluoride from sources other than water, and the quantity of fluoride they consume is different from one person to another.

“…Water quality may be determined by evaluating its chemical, physical, and biological qualities. Monitoring the sources of pollutants and attempting to avoid or reduce their impacts is one of the ways that may be used to keep Iraq's surface water safe [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Quality Assessment of Euphrates River Within Fallujah City Using Water Quality Indices Technique

Hasham¹,

Ramal²

2022

Self Cite

Scientist and researchers were recognized the important of water quality, Water resources are especially susceptible aquatic systems to many pollutants sources. Determination of water quality characteristics are very significance in term of the environmental considerations. This study aims to assess the water quality of the Euphrates river in the Fallujah Euphrates Reach (FER) by measuring the concentration of chemical and physical properties of water using multiple devices. CWQI and WAWQI were also used to assess the quality of water and indicate its suitability for drinking purposes, based on standard specifications from IQS, WHO, and USEPA as a criterion for comparison purposes. The findings show that with the use of CWQI, the quality of water was fair based on IQS, good based on WHO, and marginal based on USEPA, while the quality ranged between good, poor, very poor, and unsuitable for drinking purposes as a result of using WAWQI, with the exception of station 7, where the value of the WAWQI was greater than 100 mg/L, which indicates that the water is not suitable for drinking purposes as a result of the pollution of this station from a point source, which caused the high concentration of turbidity, sulfate, BOD5, and total dissolved solids, and decreased the DO concentration in this station compared to the rest of the stations, which were within the permissible.