This study goals to assess the concentrations of specified Heavy Metals (HMs) and quality of taps drinking water of Ramadi city, western Iraq. Heavy Metal Pollution Indices like heavy metal pollution index (HMPI ), heavy metal evaluation index (HMEI) and contamination degree (CD) were applied to assess the supplied water. The average concentrations of Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) in most stations exceed the maximum admissible concentration, while Iron (Fe) in most of stations was within the maximum admissible concentration according to local and global guidelines. (HMPI ) values of most stations were exceed the maximum critical value of 100. (HMEI) values of most stations were exceed the value of 10 recommended for drinking water. (CD) values of most stations were exceed the value of 1 recommended for drinking water. The pollution origins were assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering analysis (CA). The results indicate that contamination comes from anthropogenic causes being the most common and lithogenic sources being the least common. The present concentration of (HMs) in taps water is causing health and environmental problems, water with high (HMs) concentrations would need to be treated before being supplied to consumers.

The main target of this research is to assess the risk exposure into specified trace elements (TEs) in taps drinking water of Ramadi city, western Iraq. Non-carcinogenic risks (Hazardous Index) for adults and children were estimated, and carcinogenic risks (CR) were determined. Results obtained in this research indicate that the non-carcinogenic risks (NCR) analysis of (TEs) for adults and children were the most hazardous quotient (HQ) of all (TEs) values, which were less than 1, except for (As). The hazardous index (HI) of (TEs) values was more than 1, which means that there could be a potential risk to human health. Based on USEPA (2015) the safe value for cancer risk (CR) exposed by a TE is less than 1.00E-06. Assessment of (CR) analysis of (TEs) for adults and children revealed that (CR) of (TEs) values were fell within the E-03 to E-06 range. The total average (CR) was 3.19E-03 per capita; The total average CR was extremely high. The current concentrations of TEs in taps drinking water could cause health and environmental issues that must be addressed. Water with high (TEs) concentrations should be handled and managed before it can be distributed to consumers.

For turbidity removal, most of drinking water treatment plants are using coagulants due to the presence of suspended and colloidal materials at the coagulation and flocculation units. Aluminium and sulphates salts are the widely used coagulants, such as Aluminium sulphate (Alum) and ferric chloride. However, several researches have linked Alzheimer's disease to the use of Aluminium sulphate. Hence, scholars have conducted several researches on the possibility to reduce the amount of Aluminium sulphate by using natural material/plants base as coagulant aids. In this study, Mallow's Leaves Extracts (MLE) and Carob's Pods Extracts (CPE) were used as an alternative coagulant aid. Couples of coagulation tests were implemented to find the optimal dosage of Aluminium Sulphates were used as coagulants. The results displayed that the maximum turbidity removal efficiency by adding 100% of each coagulant (i.e., Alum, MLE and CPE) were (61.16%, 51.175% and 37.12%), respectively. In addition, the minimum residual turbidity and maximum turbidity removal efficiency were 4.56 NTU and 97.72% by adding 22.5 Alum and 7.5 MLE presenting 30 mg/l dosing. Further, the minimum residual turbidity and maximum turbidity removal efficiency were 15.4 NTU and 92.3% by adding 22.5 Alum and 7.5 CPE presenting 30 mg/l dosing.

A fluoride atom (F) has a negatively-charged ion called a fluoride ion. The element fluoride can also be found in a compound called fluoride. Many countries with high rates of dental fluorosis naturally contain high levels of fluoride in their minerals and water supplies. The fluoride ion concentrations were determined by collecting drinking water samples twice a month from (July/2020 - to June/2021) from 4 main cities in Anbar Province in Iraq, during the rainy and dry seasons. The fluoride concentrations were then analyzed and compared with standard guides of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The objective of this study is to evaluate the fluoride concentrations in Ramadi, Fallujah, Khalidiyah, and Heet cities. The results showed small variations ranging from (0.041 mg/l) to (0.051 mg/l) when these results are compared with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) standard limitations. the recommended standard limitations of (EPA) and (WHO) for fluoride concentration range from (0.4 - to 1.5) mg/l, therefore the drinking water of these cities is comfortable to drink, but it may cause some problems, such as dental caries, dental fluorosis, colorless teeth yellowish, and blackish teeth. The results are also less than the typical concentration limitations, which, is (0.7 mg/l). To avoid the danger of poisoning, adding fluoride to water is not recommended unless it has been recommended by a professional in the food system or a dentist. However, humans can also get fluoride from sources other than water, and the quantity of fluoride they consume is different from one person to another.

Concrete is a ubiquitous construction material used globally to build bridges, homes, hospitals, schools and sewage systems. Concrete used in sewage systems is exposed to an aggressive environment, like elevated temperature and humid conditions, in addition to aggressive sulphate. The combined effect of these conditions results in the premature deterioration of structures. This study was investigated the effect of replacing cement by fly ash (FA) in cement mortar by different ratios and a quarry dust as sand. The reference mortar mix grade was (35 MPa) and the other mixes were with various percentages of FA (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%) by weight of cement. This study evaluated the effect upon the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, fracture strength, and modulus of elasticity of mortar containing FA exposed to the magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) with concentration 30000 mg/l. Mixes were created using varying ratios of FA to identify the optimal concentration; these were compared against normal concrete. At replacement ratios of 20% at all ages, optimum compressive strength, splitting strength, fracture strength, and elastic modulus were obtained. Conversely, mixes with replacement ratios greater than 20% produced less strength than the control mix (without FA). The FA mortar's strength remained higher than that of regular mortar exposed to the same conditions of magnesium sulphate after 28 days, despite a reduction in compressive strength. As result, the replacing some of the cement in the concrete mix, particularly in the ratio of 20%, with FA, the concrete can be formed that is more resistant and more capable to withstand MgSO3 attack.