Tracing differences in iron supply to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge valley between hydrothermal vent sites: implications for the addition of iron to the deep ocean

Abstract

Abstract. Supply of iron (Fe) to the surface ocean supports primary productivity, and while hydrothermal input of Fe to the deep ocean is known to be extensive it remains poorly constrained. Global estimates of hydrothermal Fe supply rely on using dissolved Fe (dFe) to excess He (xs3He) ratios to upscale fluxes, but observational constraints on dFe/xs3He may be sensitive to assumptions linked to sampling and interpolation. We examined the variability in dFe/xs3He using two methods of estimation, for four vent sites with different geochemistry along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. At both Rainbow and TAG, the plume was sampled repeatedly and the range of dFe/xs3He was 4 to 63 and 4 to 87 nmol:fmol, respectively, primarily due to differences in plume age. To account for background xs3He and shifting plume position, we calibrated He values using contemporaneous dissolved Mn (dMn). Applying this approach more widely, we found dFe/xs3He ratios of 12, 4–8, 4–44, and 4–86 nmol fmol−1 for the Menez Gwen, Lucky Strike, Rainbow, and TAG hydrothermal vent sites, respectively. Differences in plume dFe/xs3He across sites were not simply related to the vent endmember Fe and He fluxes. Within 40 km of the vents, the dFe/xs3He ratios decreased to 3–38 nmol fmol−1, due to the precipitation and subsequent settling of particulates. The ratio of colloidal Fe to dFe was consistently higher (0.67–0.97) than the deep N. Atlantic (0.5) throughout both the TAG and Rainbow plumes, indicative of Fe exchange between dissolved and particulate phases. Our comparison of TAG and Rainbow shows there is a limit to the amount of hydrothermal Fe released from vents that can form colloids in the rising plume. Higher particle loading will enhance the longevity of the Rainbow hydrothermal plume within the deep ocean assuming particles undergo continual dissolution/disaggregation. Future studies examining the length of plume pathways required to escape the ridge valley will be important in determining Fe supply from slow spreading mid-ocean ridges to the deep ocean, along with the frequency of ultramafic sites such as Rainbow. Resolving the ridge valley bathymetry and accounting for variability in vent sources in global biogeochemical models will be key to further constraining the hydrothermal Fe flux.

The role of humic-type ligands in the bioavailability and stabilization of dissolved iron in the Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean

“…pyrite, chalcopyrite) is then gradually oxidized and forms insoluble Fe (III) oxyhydroxides species (FeOx) both under colloidal and particulate form (Lough et al, 2019;Cotte et al, 2020;Hoffman et al, 2020). Recent studies highlight the high proportion of colloidal DFe in hydrothermal plume at dozens to hundreds of kilometers from the vent (Tagliabue , 2022;Lough et al, 2023). However the persistence of DFe plumes at great distances from deep vents is often explained by its initial stabilization under an organic form (Sander and Koschinsky, 2011;Hawkes et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2022).…”