Tracing of Gram-negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals final effluent at Al-Madinah Al- Mounwwarah

Abstract

The final effluent for 5 hospitals (3 governmental and 2 private) was surveyed in order to study their bacterial population including, total viable bacteria (TVB) and total coliform (TC) counts / ml, macro and micro-morphology of the isolated and identification of the isolated and purified bacterial strains to the specific level confirmed using API strips and its code index matching computer program. Counts allover the study showed figures beyond the international permissible limits, ranging between 1x 10 3 -1 x 10 7 cfu/ml. Identification confirmed that the bacterial population is composed of 27 species belonging to 17 genera;

Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria in hospitals’ drain in Al-Madina Al-Munnawara

“…1). In an analogous study [15], conducted on final effluent of 5 hospitals in Al-Madina Al-Munnawara, the counts on plate count agar were ranging from 1.26x 10 4 /ml for Saudi German hospital wastewater to 1.25x 10 6 /ml for King Fahd hospital. In the same investigation, the average counts on MacConkey's agar ranged from 1.04x 10 3 /ml for Ohod hospital to 1.85x 10 5 /ml for King Fahd hospital.…”

WITHDRAWN: Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in the wastewater of a Lebanese hospital: Profiles and mechanisms of resistance

“…Moreover, it is not uncommon to detect MDR organisms among these bacteria [7,8]. In this study, the prevalence of MDR Gram-negative bacteria in the wastewater of a hospital was examined as MDR organisms have been linked to outbreaks that cause a high threat to the community as a whole [6].…”

“…E. coli is the key determinant for fecal contamination in water and therefore would have been expected to be the most prevalent organism [25]. Another study conducted in several wastewater treatment plants in Gaza, Iraq and Saudi Arabia showed that E. coli was the most prevalent microorganism with the highest rates of antibiotic resistance [7,8,24,26].…”

“…A study conducted in KSA by Diab et al [7,8] on effluents from five different hospitals identified 27 species affiliated to 17 genera upon which Gram-negative bacterial strains, especially those of the Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella, Citrobacter) and Pseudomonadaceae families, were dominant. All of the identified strains in this study exhibited resistance to at least three of the nine tested antibiotics: bacitracin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, imipenem, penicillin G, rifampicin, streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin.…”

“…All of the identified strains in this study exhibited resistance to at least three of the nine tested antibiotics: bacitracin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, imipenem, penicillin G, rifampicin, streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin. Many bacterial isolates, including E. coli and E. cloacae, showed resistance to the nine antibiotics tested with an (MIC) above 100 g/ml [7,8].…”