“…A smooth, flexible, and robust air traffic network should be efficient and economic, but not easily disrupted when there are issues. Graph theory models prove to be efficient tools to provide guidance on how to manage air traffic networks optimally as seen in many applications (Dunn, S., & Wilkinson, S. M., 2016;Farrahi, A. H., et al, 2017;Ren, P., & Li, L., 2018;Hu, C., et al, 2022). Water distribution systems are essential, as many regions face clean water crises and costs can be so high that they hinder local economic development.…”