Tracking lubricants during single screw extrusion of uPVC

Barnard, Johannes Lodewiekus; Robertson, Divann; Reenen, Albert J. van

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106523

Cited by 7 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Lubricants are considered to be one of the most important processing additives and parameters in PVC. 11 Lubricants are generally classified as external or internal depending on their affinity for the PVC matrix. External lubricants have less chemical association with the polymer matrix and migrate to the metal surface where they act as metal release agents, thereby delaying fusion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barnard et al found that the use of an internal lubricant promotes the dispersion of the external lubricant in PVC. 11 Sufficient fusion is obtained through the optimal combination of internal and external lubricants, which is important for lowering operating pressure and torque, and consequently vital for the final impact strength and gloss of the PVC product. In recent years, various studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of additives and understand the mechanism of fusion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These observations are in good agreement with findings reported by Barnard et al where less homogeneous apolar wax dispersions were observed in the absence of calcium stearate. 11 The dispersion homogeneity decreased for the higher viscosity wax (FT2), possibly due to the lower association of the longer chains with the aliphatic moiety of the internal calcium stearate lubricant. The most heterogeneous distribution was seen for the FT2 formulation.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lubricants are considered to be one of the most important processing additives and parameters in PVC . Lubricants are generally classified as external or internal depending on their affinity for the PVC matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The internal and external lubricants generally have some degree of affinity for each other as well. Barnard et al found that the use of an internal lubricant promotes the dispersion of the external lubricant in PVC . Sufficient fusion is obtained through the optimal combination of internal and external lubricants, which is important for lowering operating pressure and torque, and consequently vital for the final impact strength and gloss of the PVC product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Performance Mapping toward Optimal Addition Levels and Processing Conditions for Different Types of Hydrocarbon Waxes Typically Used as External Lubricants in Sn-Stabilized PVC Pipe Formulations

Bekker

Robertson

Duveskog³

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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The mechanism of performance of hydrocarbon waxes used as external lubricants in typical PVC pipe formulations is not completely understood or defined. This study will benefit pipe manufacturers to tailor PVC processing conditions and wax addition levels to enhance the value of waxes with different molecular architectures in Sn-stabilized PVC formulations. A selection of waxes was comprehensively analyzed to understand how their structural and morphological differences impact the fusion behavior of a Sn-stabilized PVC compound. Results showed a high probability of fusion for waxes with melting points between 65 and 80 °C and a kinematic viscosity (at 135 °C) of less than 5 cSt across all experimental temperatures and concentration levels tested. The general probability of fusion increased with increasing temperature and decreasing wax concentration. Wax compositional differences only had a large impact on PVC fusion at lower experimental temperatures and high wax concentrations. The stable time and onset of degradation were found to be sensitive to experimental temperature but less so to wax concentration. High melting waxes had the lowest fusion torque but a narrow operating window in terms of concentration and temperature for a successful fusion to occur. Overall, fully refined paraffin waxes had the widest operating window and were less sensitive to a change in the wax concentration and experimental temperature than the rest of the waxes that were tested.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Performance Mapping toward Optimal Addition Levels and Processing Conditions for Different Types of Hydrocarbon Waxes Typically Used as External Lubricants in Sn-Stabilized PVC Pipe Formulations

Bekker

Robertson

Duveskog³

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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Influence of N,N′‐ethylene bis oleamide on the flowability of the acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene resin and lubrication mechanism

Sun,

Lu,

Song

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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As a high‐performance engineering plastic, the acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) resin possesses excellent heat resistance, chemical resistance, and toughness. However, there is a lack of flow properties of the ABS resin for many processing operations. With the aim of enhancing the flowability of the ABS resin, the effect of N,N′‐ethylene bis oleamide (EBO) as a new lubricant on the melt flow rate (MFR), torque value, and rheological behavior of the ABS resin was investigated. The result showed the MFR of the ABS resin with 2.0 wt% EBO was 22.1 g/10 min, which was improved by 49% compared with the pure ABS resin (14.8 g/10 min). The torque value of the ABS resin, including 2.0 wt% EBO (1.69 N m) was lower than that of the pure ABS resin (2.03 N m). The rheological study further indicated that EBO can reduce the complex viscosity of the ABS resin. The above results indicated that EBO was an effective lubricant for the ABS resin. A possible lubrication mechanism was proposed based on the consequences of the rotational rheometry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and molecular dynamics simulation. EBO decreased the entanglement density of the polystyrene‐acrylonitrile (SAN) molecular chains and increased the mobility of the SAN molecular chain segments. On the other hand, EBO increased the free space of motion of the SAN molecular chain segments due to the free‐volume effect thereby increasing the mean square displacement of the system. This work will provide a new way to achieve the high‐flow ABS resin and provide new insights into the lubrication mechanism of lubricants in the ABS resin thereby expanding the applications of the ABS resin.

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Study on the lubrication behavior of low molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐vinyl acetate) ternary copolymer in rigid PVC

Song,

Shu,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Journal of Polymer Science

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Herein, low molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐vinyl acetate) (PCBV) ternary copolymers with varied copolymer composition was employed as a novel polymeric lubricant in rigid PVC. The lubrication effect of PCBVs on the melting process and mechanical properties of the final PVC products were fully investigated. The results indicated that PCBV can serve either as an internal or as an external lubricant depending on its composition. PCBV‐45.5 terpolymer (PBA% ~ 45.5%) exhibits outstanding balance both internal and external lubricating roles. SEM‐EDS results show that addition PCBV‐45.5 form a film on the surface of PVC grains as similar as that adding both internal and external lubricants. Fusion characteristics and DMTA demonstrate that PCBV‐45.5 prolongs the fusion time (26% extension, 1.5 phr) and reduces the glass transition temperature (4.0 °C, 1.5 phr). Finally, the mechanical properties of rigid PVC have been greatly improved by using 1.5 phr PCBV‐45.5. In detail, the tensile strength increased from 54 to 59 MPa and the elongation at break increased from 10% to 30%, respectively. Meanwhile, the impact strength of PVC/PCBV‐45.5 is 3.6 times that of the blend without addition. The excellent performance of PCBV exhibited great potential as a polymeric lubricant candidate in rigid PVC composites.

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Tracking lubricants during single screw extrusion of uPVC

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Performance Mapping toward Optimal Addition Levels and Processing Conditions for Different Types of Hydrocarbon Waxes Typically Used as External Lubricants in Sn-Stabilized PVC Pipe Formulations

Performance Mapping toward Optimal Addition Levels and Processing Conditions for Different Types of Hydrocarbon Waxes Typically Used as External Lubricants in Sn-Stabilized PVC Pipe Formulations

Influence of N,N′‐ethylene bis oleamide on the flowability of the acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene resin and lubrication mechanism

Study on the lubrication behavior of low molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐vinyl acetate) ternary copolymer in rigid PVC

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