Trade in night monkeys Aotus spp. in the Brazil–Colombia–Peru tri-border area: international wildlife trade regulations are ineffectively enforced

Maldonado, Angela M.; Nijman, Vincent; Bearder, Simon K.

doi:10.3354/esr00209

Cited by 63 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…When trade became regulated, captive breeding programmes were started in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in the USA, Peru, Panama, and Germany [Gozalo and Montoya, 1990;Rappold and Erkert, 1994;Málaga et al, 1997;Obaldía, 2001]. Despite the availability of captive-bred animals, several researchers have found evidence that the international trade of night monkeys for biomedical research is continuing illegally from at least part of their range [Maldonado et al, 2009;Rojas Briñez, 2011;Ruiz-García et al, 2013;Maldonado and Peck, 2014].…”

Section: Historic Overview Of Night Monkey Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several species have since commonly occurred in the biomedical trade, such as A. vociferans, A. nigriceps, and A. nancymaae [Mittermeier et al, 1994;Maldonado et al, 2009;Galinski and Barnwell, 2012] due to the similarity of their immune system with that of humans and their high susceptibility to several forms of malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites [Herrera et al, 2002]. Different species of night monkeys have different susceptibilities to malarial parasites, and not all are suited as animal models [Groves, 2005].…”

Section: Historic Overview Of Night Monkey Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally to these threats, night monkeys have been, and continue to be, traded domestically, regionally, and internationally [Mittermeier et al, 1994;Maldonado et al, 2009;Shanee, 2012;Ruiz-García et al, 2013;Shanee et al, 2015b].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This trade occurs within and amongst primate range countries and non-primate range countries [Nijman et al, 2011]. While much of the international primate trade adheres to domestic legislation and international agreements, some of it is illegal [Maldonado et al, 2009;Nijman and Healy, 2016]. Partially due to their cryptic nature, nocturnal species have often been excluded from studies on trade [Nekaris and Nijman, 2013;Svensson and Friant, 2014].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primates are traded domestically, for instance within a village or from one village to the next [Nekaris et al, 2010], regionally, for instance from one province to the next [Shanee et al, 2015b;, across international borders from one country to the next [Maldonado et al, 2009], and globally, from one continent to another [Mack and Mittermeier, 1984;Nijman et al, 2011;de Souza Fialho et al, 2016]. This trade occurs within and amongst primate range countries and non-primate range countries [Nijman et al, 2011].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disappearing in the Night: An Overview on Trade and Legislation of Night Monkeys in South and Central America

Svensson

Shanee²,

Shanee³

et al. 2017

IJFP

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The international trade in night monkeys (Aotus spp.), found throughout Central and South America, has been regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) since 1975. We present a quantitative analysis of this trade from all 9 range countries, over 4 decades, and compare domestic legislation to CITES regulations. Night monkeys were exported from 8 of the 9 habitat countries, totalling 5,968 live individuals and 7,098 specimens, with trade of live individuals declining over time. In terms of species, the most commonly traded was Aotus nancymaae (present in Brazil, Colombia, Peru) followed by A. vociferans (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) and A. zonalis (Colombia, Panama). There was no significant correlation between levels of trade and species' geographic range size or the number of countries in which a species occurs. Five countries have legislation that meets CITES requirements for implementation, whereas the other 4 countries' legislation showed deficiencies. Research conducted in Colombia, Peru, and Brazil suggests significant cross-border trade not captured in official international trade registers. Although international trade has diminished, current trends suggest that populations of rarer species may be under unsustainable pressure. Further research is needed to quantify real trade numbers occurring between habitat countries.

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Section: Historic Overview Of Night Monkey Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Historic Overview Of Night Monkey Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Disappearing in the Night: An Overview on Trade and Legislation of Night Monkeys in South and Central America

Svensson

Shanee²,

Shanee³

et al. 2017

IJFP

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Primate Trade (Neotropics)

Maldonado¹,

Waters

2017

The International Encyclopedia of Primatology

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Wildlife trafficking threatens food security and livelihoods in developing countries. In the Neotropics, primates have been used for millennia by indigenous people for different purposes such as consumption, pets, cultural artifacts, and traditional medicine. In more recent times, hunting has become commercialized and primate harvests have increased to fulfill demands from the bushmeat trade, biomedical research, and tourist markets. Hunting, live primate capture for biomedical research, the pet and entertainment trade, and traditional uses are all implicated in the trade in Neotropical primates over much of their range. Lack of interest by many governments in range countries and beyond, and the resulting lack of accountability and transparency of legal systems in range countries make illegal trade untraceable. Illegal trade often goes unchecked and unpunished, leading to the impoverishment of both wildlife and forests in the region.

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Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: a case study of slender and slow lorises (Loris and Nycticebus) in South and Southeast Asia

Nekaris¹,

Shepherd²,

Starr³

et al. 2010

American J Primatol

163

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Illegal and unsustainable trade in wildlife is a major conservation challenge. For Asian primates, economic and cultural traditions, and increased forest access mean that trade may have become detrimental for certain species. Slow and slender lorises (Nycticebus and Loris) are primates particularly prevalent in trade, determined until now by focused counts of lorises in regional markets. Here, we use international trade statistics and a participant-observer approach to assess culturally specific drivers for trade in lorises in South and Southeast Asia, to provide a broader context to help mitigate this practice. Analysis of international records for the last 30 years revealed that live animal trade was more prevalent than trade in body parts (slow lorises, 86.4%; slender lorises, 91.4%), with Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand the largest exporters. We then examine drivers of international and domestic trade based on long-term data from 1994-2009 in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Indonesia. We show that slender lorises are important in Sri Lankan folklore, but their use as pets and for traditional medicine is rare. Trade in Bengal slow and pygmy lorises in Cambodia for use in traditional medicines, a practice with deeply historical roots, is widespread. Despite its own set of myths about the magical and curative properties of lorises, trade in Javan, Bornean, and greater slow lorises in Indonesia is largely for pets. Conservation practices in Asia are often generalized and linked with the region's major religions and economies. We show here that, in the case of wildlife trade, culturally specific patterns are evident among different ethnic groups, even within a country. Revealing such patterns is the foundation for developing conservation management plans for each species. We suggest some participatory methods for each country that may aid in this process.

show abstract

Trade in night monkeys Aotus spp. in the Brazil–Colombia–Peru tri-border area: international wildlife trade regulations are ineffectively enforced

Cited by 63 publications

References 16 publications

Disappearing in the Night: An Overview on Trade and Legislation of Night Monkeys in South and Central America

Disappearing in the Night: An Overview on Trade and Legislation of Night Monkeys in South and Central America

Primate Trade (Neotropics)

Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: a case study of slender and slow lorises (Loris and Nycticebus) in South and Southeast Asia

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