Trade-offs and Synergies in the Structural and Functional Characteristics of Leaves Photosynthesizing in Aquatic Environments

Maberly, Stephen C.; Gontero, Brigitte

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_11

Cited by 22 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 240 publications

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“…However, in aquatic plants, the distribution of stomata on the upper epidermis is obviously greater than that on the lower epidermis, since the upper surface of the floating leaf is accessible to the air. Floating leaves of aquatic plants is one of the examples with exploitation strategies to overcome the problem of carbon limitation that could exploit more constant and available CO 2 from the atmosphere based on stomata (Maberly and Gontero, 2018). Observations of the ultrathin sections showed that the epidermal chloroplast had higher sensitivity to high CO 2 than the mesophyll chloroplast in O. cordata floating leaves, which differs from the responses in O. alismoides (Han et al, 2020), where both epidermal and mesophyll chloroplasts showed sensitive responses to CO 2 elevation and the size of both type of chloroplasts were increased.…”

Section: Responses Of Anatomy Of O Cordata Floating Leaves To Variabmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike terrestrial C4 plants, in aquatic species, C 4 metabolism can be induced under the limitation of inorganic carbon, or be constitutive independent of the CO 2 concentration (Maberly and Gontero, 2017). The frequency of aquatic species with CAM is~9% (Maberly and Gontero, 2018), and the utilization of CO 2 can occur during daytime, allowing the freshwater CAM plants to assimilate CO 2 continuously (Keeley, 1998;Madsen et al, 2002), which differs from the terrestrial CAM plants. CAM metabolism is a plastic process in freshwater plants (Bowes and Salvucci, 1989), and CO 2 concentration can affect its activity (Klavsen and Maberly, 2010;Zhang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CAM metabolism is a plastic process in freshwater plants (Bowes and Salvucci, 1989), and CO 2 concentration can affect its activity (Klavsen and Maberly, 2010;Zhang et al, 2014). Except the amelioration strategies described above, exploitation strategies are another diversity of strategies to minimize the carbon constraint in aquatic plants that involve morphological and anatomical features to give access to higher availability of free CO 2 from the sediment or the atmosphere (Klavsen et al, 2011;Maberly and Gontero, 2018). Floating and aerial leaves of some amphibious species are the examples with exploitation strategies that could exploit more CO 2 from the atmosphere (Sand-Jensen et al, 1992;Sand-Jensen and Frost-Christensen, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responses of Leaf Anatomy and CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms of the Aquatic Plant Ottelia cordata to Variable CO2

et al. 2020

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Acclimation to variable CO 2 was studied in floating leaves of the freshwater monocot Ottelia cordata grown in either low or high CO 2. The most striking anatomical variations responding to high CO 2 included the enlarged upper epidermal cells and the decreased area of epidermal chloroplasts. Stomata that distributed on the upper surface, and the stomatic chamber area, showed no significant response to high CO 2. pH-drift experiments indicated that floating leaves of O. cordata were able to use bicarbonate regardless of CO 2 concentrations. Photosynthetic enzyme activities and patterns of organic acids fluctuation confirmed that floating leaves of O. cordata can operate CAM only at low CO 2 , and perform C 4-like metabolism at both high and low CO 2. Overall, the present results imply that the floating leaves of O. cordata does not just rely on the atmospheric CO 2 for its inorganic carbon, but is also dependent on CO 2 and bicarbonate in the water. By showing these effects of CO 2 variation, we highlight the need for further experimental studies on the regulatory mechanisms in O. cordata floating leaves, that prevent futile cycling among the three CO 2 concentrating mechanisms (bicarbonate use, C 4 , and CAM metabolism) and the strategy for exploiting atmospheric CO 2 , as well as studies on the detailed biochemical pathway for C 4 and CAM metabolism in this species.

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Section: Responses Of Anatomy Of O Cordata Floating Leaves To Variabmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responses of Leaf Anatomy and CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms of the Aquatic Plant Ottelia cordata to Variable CO2

et al. 2020

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“…In their evolution from terrestrial ancestors, freshwater plants have traded-off problems of water shortage for problems of carbon-shortage (Maberly and Gontero, 2018). Carbon-shortage is mainly caused by low rates of CO2 diffusion across boundary layers surrounding aquatic leaves (Black et al, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to the absence of water shortage and the presence of carbon limitation, the leaves of submerged freshwater plants have thin cuticles, lack stomata and sub-stomatal spaces and have chloroplasts in epidermal cells (Sculthorpe, 1967). Laminar leaves are generally thin with a high specific leaf area (Enríquez et al, 1996;Poorter et al, 2009) and the lamina often comprises only two or three cell layers (Maberly and Gontero, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural basis for C4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy in leaves of the submerged freshwater plant Ottelia alismoides

et al. 2020

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Background and Aims Ottelia alismoides (Hydrocharitaceae) is a freshwater macrophyte that, unusually, possesses three different CO2-concentrating mechanisms. Here we describe its leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure, how these are altered by CO2 concentration and how they may underlie C4 photosynthesis. Methods Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the anatomy of mature leaves of O. alismoides grown at high and low CO2 concentrations. Diel acid change and the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase were measured to confirm that CAM activity and C4 photosynthesis were present. Key Results When O. alismoides was grown at low CO2, the leaves performed both C4 and CAM photosynthesis whereas at high CO2 leaves used C4 photosynthesis. The leaf comprised an upper and lower layer of epidermal cells separated by a large air space occupying about 22 % of the leaf transverse-section area, and by mesophyll cells connecting the two epidermal layers. Kranz anatomy was absent. At low CO2, chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells were filled with starch even at the start of the photoperiod, while epidermal chloroplasts contained small starch grains. The number of chloroplasts in the epidermis was greater than in the mesophyll cells. At high CO2, the structure was unchanged but the thicknesses of the two epidermal layers, the air space, mesophyll and the transverse-section area of cells and air space were greater. Conclusions Leaves of O. alismoides have epidermal and mesophyll cells that contain chloroplasts and large air spaces but lack Kranz anatomy. The high starch content of mesophyll cells suggests they may benefit from an internal source of CO2, for example via C4 metabolism, and are also sites of starch storage. The air spaces may help in the recycling of decarboxylated or respired CO2. The structural similarity of leaves at low and high CO2 is consistent with the constitutive nature of bicarbonate and C4 photosynthesis. There is sufficient structural diversity within the leaf of O. alismoides to support dual-cell C4 photosynthesis even though Kranz anatomy is absent.

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Evolution of Aquatic Photoautotrophs

Raven¹

2022

Blue Planet, Red and Green Photosynthesis

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Trade-offs and Synergies in the Structural and Functional Characteristics of Leaves Photosynthesizing in Aquatic Environments

Cited by 22 publications

References 240 publications

Responses of Leaf Anatomy and CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms of the Aquatic Plant Ottelia cordata to Variable CO2

Responses of Leaf Anatomy and CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms of the Aquatic Plant Ottelia cordata to Variable CO2

Structural basis for C4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy in leaves of the submerged freshwater plant Ottelia alismoides

Evolution of Aquatic Photoautotrophs

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