“…Metropolitan tiers have been created or strengthened in France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the UK, as well as in Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey (OECD, 2014, 2015). 1 Regional authority in Europe now reaches into agriculture and fisheries (Carter & Smith, 2008), education (Dupuy, 2020; Kleider et al, 2018), immigration (Adam & Hepburn, 2019; Tatham, 2020), health (Costa‐Font & Greer, 2013; Piccoli, 2020), and welfare (Kleider, 2018; Vampa, 2016).…”