Trafficking in Persons in the United States: Final Report

Bales, Kevin; Lize, Steven E.

doi:10.1037/e536242006-001

Cited by 25 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Moving human beings in any sizeable number requires coordinated transportation schemes that may involve sea, land, and air routes. As Bales and Lize ( [3], pp. 37-39) and Raymond and Hughes ( [18], pp.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Woman pullers: pimping and sex trafficking in a Mexican Border City

Zhang

2011

Crime Law Soc Change

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Much has been written about sex trafficking in the past decade, although empirical studies have remained few. Even less research has been done on those who make a living by facilitating the movement of women and children in the sex industry. This paper is based on a three-year study in Tijuana, Mexico, in which 92 sex trade facilitators were interviewed. Findings suggest a far more complex social process than portrayed by the anti-trafficking literature. Men and women of diverse backgrounds developed niches in Tijuana's sex industry, by bringing women into contact with customers. This business appeared to be dominated by Mexican entrepreneurs, with no evidence of any systematic collaborations with either local criminal organizations or foreign traffickers. There appeared to be no shortage of women willing to work in the sex industry, suggesting limited prospect for coerced prostitution. Still, a small number of pimps reported using "persuasion" to recruit women of particular types from interior Mexico. Commissions or referral fees were the most common form of income received by pimps for their services, and the rules on how money was to be made and split between sex workers and venue owners appeared well established. While a few respondents could sustain a livelihood through pimping, the majority held other jobs.

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Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The instrumentation of this study was influenced by recent studies on sex trafficking funded by the U.S. government [3,7,18]. According to these studies, sex traffickers consisted of diverse groups of individuals -from amateurs, to small groups of entrepreneurs, to sophisticated transnational criminal organizations.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Woman pullers: pimping and sex trafficking in a Mexican Border City

Zhang

2011

Crime Law Soc Change

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“…The principal methods traffickers use to control their victims include taking away their travel and identity documents, threatening to turn them in to local police, sexual abuse, threatened or actual physical violence, isolation, and debt bondage (Bales & Lize, 2005;Schauer & Wheaton, 2006). We found most of these tactics were also used in our cases.…”

Section: Physical and Psychological Control And Abusementioning

confidence: 86%

Human Trafficking in the Heartland

Wilson

Dalton

2008

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice

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This analysis explores the extent and characteristics of human trafficking in Columbus and Toledo, Ohio, including the response to the problem by law enforcement agencies. Through a content analysis of newspaper accounts and interviews with criminal justice officials and social service providers in each city, the authors identified 10 cases of juvenile sex trafficking and forced prostitution in Toledo and 5 cases of trafficking for the forced labor of noncitizens in Columbus. The offenders and victims involved in the sex trafficking cases were largely from the local area, whereas those involved in the labor trafficking cases primarily involved foreign nationals, thereby illustrating at least one role the heartland plays in transnational crime. The authors compare the different responses to human trafficking in the two cities and suggest how to raise awareness about human trafficking and improve the responses of law enforcement agencies to the problem.

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“…In a report to the National Institute of Justice, Bales and Lize (2005) summarized their findings, which were based on a review of cases of human trafficking in three different areas in the united States: Washington, DC; Chicago; and southwest Florida. These authors found that most trafficking victims were from low socioeconomic backgrounds and were more likely to be young and relatively healthy individuals.…”

Section: Extent Of the Problem In The United Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%