“…Research has primarily measured parenting systems and styles via video recording of mother-infant interactions with CMP-based coding (Carra, Lavelli, & Keller, 2014;Lavelli, Carra, Rossi, & Keller, 2019;Ulitsa, Keller, & Otto, 2017), naturalistic observation (Keller & Zach, 2002;Keller et al, 2005a), and interviews with picture cards (Carra et al, 2014;Keller et al, 2007), the first of which is the most used technique in Keller's recent research (Keller, 2018;Lavelli et al, 2019;Ulitsa et al, 2017). They have also adopted the use of scales, such as the Parenting Ethnotheories Scale (Keller et al, 2006;, which consists of a list of 10 descriptive statements of parenting practices and aims at identifying the psychological prototype (independence or interdependence) adopted by the caregiver.…”