Training Load Monitoring in Team Sports: A Novel Framework Separating Physiological and Biomechanical Load-Adaptation Pathways

Vanrenterghem, Jos; Nedergaard, Niels Jensby; Robinson, Mark A.; Drust, Barry

doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0714-2

Cited by 337 publications

(387 citation statements)

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“…However, external physical load [28] can be perceived differently by each individual athlete (i.e., experienced internal load) [17]. For example, a biomechanical load with accelerations and decelerations when landing from a jump or sidestep cutting needs to be countered by a reverse optimal internal (joint) load.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revised Approach to the Role of Fatigue in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses

et al. 2019

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BackgroundCauses of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are multifactorial. Anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention should thus be approached from a multifactorial perspective as well. Training to resist fatigue is an underestimated aspect of prevention programs given that the presence of fatigue may play a crucial role in sustaining an ACL injury.ObjectivesThe primary objective of this literature review was to summarize research findings relating to the kinematic and kinetic effects of fatigue on single-leg landing tasks through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Other objectives were to critically appraise current approaches to examine the effects of fatigue together with elucidating and proposing an optimized approach for measuring the role of fatigue in ACL injury prevention.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed (1978–November 2017), CINAHL (1992–November 2017), and EMBASE (1973–November 2017). The inclusion criteria were: (1) full text, (2) published in English, German, or Dutch, (3) healthy subjects, (4) average age ≥ 18 years, (5) single-leg jump landing task, (6) evaluation of the kinematics and/or kinetics of the lower extremities before and after a fatigue protocol, and (7) presentation of numerical kinematic and/or kinetic data. Participants included healthy subjects who underwent a fatigue protocol and in whom the effects of pre- and post-fatigue on three-dimensional lower extremity kinematic and kinetics were compared. Methods of data collection, patient selection, blinding, prevention of verification bias, and study design were independently assessed.ResultsTwenty studies were included, in which four types of single-leg tasks were examined: the single-leg drop vertical jump, the single-leg drop landing, the single-leg hop for distance, and sidestep cutting. Fatigue seemed to mostly affect initial contact (decreased angles post-fatigue) and peak (increased angles post-fatigue) hip and knee flexion. Sagittal plane variables at initial contact were mostly affected under the single-leg hop for distance and sidestep cutting conditions whilst peak angles were affected during the single-leg drop jump.ConclusionsTraining to resist fatigue is an underestimated aspect of prevention programs given that the presence of fatigue may play a crucial role in sustaining an ACL injury. Considering the small number of variables affected after fatigue, the question arises whether the same fatigue pathways are affected by the fatigue protocols used in the included laboratory studies as are experienced on the sports field.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-019-01052-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revised Approach to the Role of Fatigue in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses

et al. 2019

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“…In connection to this, external and internal training loads use different pathways and therefore need to be measured complementary. The external training load (eTL) represents the activities performed by athletes, that is, the dose performed (Impellizzeri, Rampinini, & Marcora, 2005), while the internal training load (iTL) represents the psycho-physiological response by the athlete that primarily takes the form of biochemical stress (Venrenterghem, Nedergaard, Robinson, & Drust, 2017). In team sports, the training load is mainly derived from team practices, whereas external load parameters are collectively defined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, to maintain an optimal connection between external and internal training load and to avoid players' maladaptations (i.e., over-or undertraining), coaches need to be constantly aware of their relationship (Venrenterghem, et al, 2017). In connection to this, two studies examining team sports, conducted on Spanish and Australian footballers (Gallo, Cormack, Gannett, Williams, & Lorenzen, 2015), showed a very strong correlation (r=0.74 and r=0.86, respectively) between external (PL) and internal (sRPE) pathways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load monitoring system in top-level basketball team

Svilar

Castellano

Jukić

2018

Kinesiology (Zagreb, Online)

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Abstract:The study aimed to describe and compare the external training load, monitored using microtechnology, with the internal training load, expressed as the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), in elite male basketball training sessions. Thirteen professional basketball players participated in this study (age=25.7±3.3 years; body height=199.2±10.7 cm; body mass=96.6±9.4 kg). All players belonged to the same team, competing in two leagues, ACB and the Euroleague, in the 2016/2017 season. The variables assessed within the external motion analysis included: player load (PL), acceleration and deceleration (ACC/DEC), jumps (JUMP), and changes of direction (CoD). The internal demands were registered using the sRPE method. Pearson productmoment correlations were used to determine relationships between the variables. A significant correlation was observed between the external load variables and sRPE (range r=0.71-0.93). Additionally, the sRPE variable showed a high correlation with the total PL, ACC, DEC, and CoD. The contrary was observed with respect to the relationship between sRPE and JUMP variables: the correlation was higher for the high band and lower for the total number of jumps. With respect to the external load variables, a stronger correlation was found between PL and the total number of ACC, DEC and CoD than the same variables within the high band. The only contrary finding was the correlation between PL and JUMP variables, which showed a stronger correlation for hJUMP. Tri-axial accelerometry technology and the sRPE method serve as valuable tools for monitoring the training load in basketball. Even though the two methods exhibit a strong correlation, some variation exists, likely due to frequent static movements (i.e., isometric muscle contractions) that accelerometers are not able to detect. Finally, it is suggested that both methods are to be used complementary, when possible, in order to design and control the training process as effectively as possible.

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“…Additionally, the ratio of acute training load (load of the last week) and chronic load (4‐week rolling average of load), called acute:chronic load ratio (ACWR), is reported to have an effect on the risk of injury . In team sports, assessment of internal training load (the psycho‐physiological response to this load) is also relevant as player's exposure to the load dosage (external load) may be consistent across players of the same team . Hence, to monitor and control training load, it is necessary to have a measure of both external and internal load …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patellar tendon structure responds to load over a 7‐week preseason in elite male volleyball players

Rabello

Zwerver

Stewart

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between external and internal load and the response of the patellar tendon structure assessed with ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) in elite male volleyball players during preseason. Eighteen players were followed over 7 weeks, measuring four load parameters during every training and match: volume (minutes played), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (ranging from 6 to 20), weekly load (RPE*volume), and jump frequency (number of jumps). Patellar tendon structure was measured biweekly using UTC, which quantifies tendon matrix stability resulting in four different echo types (I‐IV). On average, players spent 615 min/wk on training and matches with an RPE of 13.9 and a jump frequency of 269. Load evaluation shows significant changes over the 7 weeks: Volume and weekly load parameters were significantly higher in week 3 than week 7 and in week 4 than week 2. Weekly load performed in week 4 was significantly higher than week 7. No significant changes were observed in tendon structure. On the non‐dominant side, no significant correlations were found between changes in load parameters and echo types. At the dominant side, a higher weekly volume and weekly load resulted in a decrease of echo type I and a higher mean RPE in an increase of echo type II. The results of this study show that both external and internal load influence changes in patellar tendon structure of elite male volleyball players. Monitoring load and the effect on patellar tendon structure may play an important role in injury prevention.

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Training Load Monitoring in Team Sports: A Novel Framework Separating Physiological and Biomechanical Load-Adaptation Pathways

Cited by 337 publications

References 81 publications

Revised Approach to the Role of Fatigue in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses

Revised Approach to the Role of Fatigue in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses

Load monitoring system in top-level basketball team

Patellar tendon structure responds to load over a 7‐week preseason in elite male volleyball players

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