Trampoline Effect in Extreme Ground Motion

Aoi, Shin; Kunugi, Taiseki; Fujiwara, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1126/science.1163113

Cited by 127 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…(3) Kinematic inversion of the strong motion data (Holden 2011) suggests that the direction of the rupture was northwestward and upwards, towards Christchurch city, potentially producing directivity effects (Holden 2011). (4) Complex behaviour of the near-surface soil layers, described by Fry et al (2011b), who noted that several records in Christchurch city show asymmetry in the acceleration records, similar to that previously observed in Japan by Aoi et al (2008) and Yamada et al (2009). Fry et al (2011b) concluded that the soil's behaviour may have increased upward accelerations, in a so-called 'trampoline effect'.…”

Section: Aftershock Activity Between 4 September 2010 and February 2011supporting

confidence: 55%

Evolution of the 2010–2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence

Bannister

Gledhill

2012

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

107

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Section: Aftershock Activity Between 4 September 2010 and February 2011supporting

confidence: 55%

Evolution of the 2010–2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence

Bannister

Gledhill

2012

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

107

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“…Çelebi et al Net, 1996), KiK-net (KiK-net, 2000), and Japan Meteorological Agency instrumentation. After an interval of 23 yrs, the largest recorded PGA increased by about a factor of 2 in 2008 (Aoi et al, 2008). A larger number of seismic instrumentation makes a record of PGA in excess of one previously recorded more likely.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…However, the probability of a future PGA greater than 40 m=sec 2 is only 10% in the next 50 yrs, assuming a steady increase in station density of 5% of ρ 0 per year. Aoi et al (2008) and Yamada et al (2009) proposed a physical mechanism for extremely large vertical accelerations. This may explain future records with PGAs much larger than the current, largest recorded PGA.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Features of Short-Period and Long-Period Near-Source Ground Motions

Yamada

Olsen

Heaton

2009

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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This study collects recorded ground motions from the near-source region of large earthquakes and considers to what extent this historic record can inform expectations of future ground motions at similar sites. The distribution of observed peak ground acceleration (PGA) is well approximated by the lognormal distribution, and we expect the observed distribution to remain unchanged with the addition of data from future earthquakes. However, the distribution of peak ground displacements (PGD) will likely change after a well-recorded large earthquake. Specifically we expect future observations of PGD greater than those previously recorded. We use seismic scaling relations to motivate the expected distribution of PGD as uniform on the logarithmic scale, or at least fat-tailed. Because PGA does not scale with fault rupture area or slip on the fault, there are no such scaling relations to predict the observed distribution of PGA. The observed records show that there is essentially no correlation between PGD and PGA for near-source ground motions from large events. The large uncertainty in a future value of PGD in the near-source region of a large earthquake exists despite the ability of Earth scientists to accurately model long-period ground motions. In contrast, the relative certainty in a future value of PGA exists despite the inability to model short-period ground motions reliably. The stability of the observed distribution of PGA with respect to new ground-motion records enables us to predict the distribution of future PGA and to calculate the probability of exceeding the largest recorded PGA.

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“…In particular, maximum PGA's in the vertical component of 2.21g and 1.88g were observed at HVSC and PRPC, respectively. The vertical acceleration time histories at these two sites are also inferred to exhibit the so-called 'trampoline effect' [11,12] caused by separation of surficial soil layers in tension, limiting peak negative vertical accelerations to approximately -1g. As discussed subsequently, the ground motion at PRPC also experienced significant forward directivity effects which are evident in the long-period content of the fault normal component in Figure 4a.…”

Section: Extreme Ground Motionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-source Strong Ground Motions Observed in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake

Bradley

Cubrinovski

2011

Seismological Research Letters

216

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SUMMARYThis manuscript provides a critical examination of the ground motions recorded in the near-source region resulting from the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Particular attention is given to reconciling the observed spatial distribution of ground motions in terms of physical phenomena related to source, path and site effects. The large number of near-source observed strong ground motions show clear evidence of: forward-directivity, basin generated surface waves, liquefaction and other significant nonlinear site response. The pseudo-acceleration response spectra (SA) amplitudes and significant duration of strong motions agree well with empirical prediction models, except at long vibration periods where the influence of basin-generated surface waves and nonlinear site response are significant and not adequately accounted for in empirical SA models. Pseudo-acceleration response spectra are also compared with those observed in the 4 September 2010 Darfield earthquake and routine design response spectra used in order to emphasise the amplitude of ground shaking and elucidate the importance of local geotechnical characteristics on surface ground motions. The characteristics of the observed vertical component accelerations are shown to be strongly dependent on source-to-site distance and are comparable with those from the 4 September 2010 Darfield earthquake, implying the large amplitudes observed are simply a result of many observations at close distances rather than a peculiar source effect.

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Trampoline Effect in Extreme Ground Motion

Cited by 127 publications

References 12 publications

Evolution of the 2010–2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence

Evolution of the 2010–2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence

Statistical Features of Short-Period and Long-Period Near-Source Ground Motions

Near-source Strong Ground Motions Observed in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake

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