Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences

Abstract

Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.

Re‐parameterization of a mathematical model of African horse sickness virus using data from a systematic literature search

“…AHSV is listed as a notifiable disease in disease‐free countries by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2021). An outbreak can have a severe impact on the welfare of equids and be disruptive for the equine industry (Allison et al., 2009; Clemmons et al., 2021). Policy makers with responsibility for deciding the course of action if an outbreak occurs in a previously disease‐free country are heavily reliant on models to predict the likely outcome of outbreaks (Daly et al., 2013; Grassly & Fraser, 2008).…”

Object detection and tracking using a high-performance artificial intelligence-based 3D depth camera: towards early detection of African swine fever

“…Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious and transmissible epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly [ 1 ]. Among the TADs, African swine fever (ASF) has high mortality rates in domestic pigs and wild boar that are nearing 100%, which is causing major losses in the swine industry worldwide [ 2 3 ].…”

“…The first outbreak of ASF in South Korea was reported in September 2019, following an outbreak in North Korea, as well as dramatic spread in China and other Asian countries [ 5 ]. ASF has been reported in at least 60 countries around the globe [ 1 ]. Currently, no approved vaccine or treatment for ASF is available.…”

“…For this reason, early detection of TADs such as ASF in the field followed by rapid laboratory diagnosis is critical to its prompt eradication. Passive surveillance based on reports from farmers is highly recommended for the early detection of ASF, ensuring the effective prevention of further spread and significant minimization of insurmountable damages as well as huge socio-economic consequences in the country [ 1 3 5 6 ].…”

Nanovaccines against Animal Pathogens: The Latest Findings

“…These are thus essential tools for controlling seasonal influenza and many important veterinary and zoonotic diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) or rabies, in turn positively impacting animal productivity, food security, and several human diseases [18]. However, no efficacious vaccines are available for most highly contagious and epidemic animal diseases [19]. This is mainly due to the intrinsic limitations of traditional vaccinology approaches and other limitations, such as adverse effects (e.g., the licensed rotavirus vaccine), the low avidity of vaccine-induced antibodies (Abs) against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or the partial protection they induce against a large and significant amount of pathogens such as Dengue virus or the Plasmodium parasites causing malaria in which induced protection is less than 50% (Table 1; [20][21][22]).…”