Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in submerged root cells of maize

Abstract

enzymes indicated that oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria is blocked, and cells undergo glycolysis and ethanolic fermentation, thus replacing the Krebs cycle in fulfilling the cellular demand for energy. Especially, during ethanolic fermentation, ADH is responsible for the recycling of the NAD + needed for the glycolysis process to continue. 2 High levels of ADH accumulation and its activity is considered to be positively correlated with the magnitude of the stress injury, but negatively correlated with tolerant to anaerobic stress. 3,4 Physiologically, alteration of metabolic pathways results in a change of cytosolic pH, accumulation of ROS and hormone homeostasis. [5][6][7][8] Adaptation also occurs via a wide variety of morphological and anatomical responses to oxygen limitation of roots or entire plants, including formation of aerenchyma, fast underwater elongation of shoots or leaves, stomatal closure, adventitious root formation and lateral root development. 3,9-11 Each of these reactions is mediated by plant hormones, such as ethylene, auxin and ABA.Our discussion largely centres on recent work in our laboratory carried out on maize. In most of these studies, a progressive depletion of oxygen in roots was carried out by completely submerging seedlings that had developed three leaves, in growth culture buffer. Our results supported the view that submergence results in alterations of gene expression leading to metabolic, physiological and morphological changes, and that transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is involved these adaptations of maize under submergence conditions.

Pea lectin receptor-like kinase functions in salinity adaptation without yield penalty, by alleviating osmotic and ionic stresses and upregulating stress-responsive genes

“…However, the plants had much lower peroxide as well as superoxide accumulation and relatively higher activity of ROS scavenging enzymes which leads to lower oxidative damage to plants during salinity stress. Higher activity of ROS scavenging enzymes albeit lower transcript abundance probably indicate post-transcriptional control of the antioxidant enzyme activity (Zhang et al 2009). …”

Uncovering Small RNA-Mediated Responses to Cold Stress in a Wheat Thermosensitive Genic Male-Sterile Line by Deep Sequencing

“…Among these miRNAs, the miR169, miR319, miR393, miR160, and miR167 families are known to show differential expression during abiotic stress, such as cold, drought, salt, oxidative stress, and hormone signaling (Sunkar and Zhu, 2004;Ding et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2009b;Lee et al, 2010;. We selected miR156, miR166, tasiRNA-ARF, miR172, and miR396 to assess whether miRNAs reported to be involved in plant primary developmental processes, such as phase transitions, pattern formation, and morphogenesis, are affected by cold stress during spike development in the TGMS line (Jones-Rhoades et al, 2006;Axtell and Bowman, 2008;Chen, 2009;Nogueira et al, 2009).…”

“…Only the tasiRNAs derived from the 59D6(+) position in TAS3a and the 59D4(+) position in TAS3b targeted to three ARF genes (Table II). Based on the sequenced tags at the sliced site and all along the region of the transcript, the cleaved target transcripts were categorized into three classes (class I, II, or III) as described previously in other degradome analyses (Addo-Quaye et al, 2008, 2009b. Among the 29 mRNAs targeted by miRNAs and tasiRNAs, 21 fall into the class I category ( Fig.…”

Association of Candidate Genes With Submergence Response in Perennial Ryegrass

“…Among antioxidant enzymes, SOD scavenges ${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{\mathrm{•–}}$ to H 2 O 2 (Bowler et al, 1992), and H 2 O 2 can be decomposed by several pathways including the catalase (CAT) and ascorbate-glutathione cycles at different cellular locations (Mittler, 2002). The increased transcript levels of SOD or CAT were noted in maize (Zhang et al, 2009) and in creeping yellowcress under submergence stress (Sasidharan et al, 2013). The associations of Lpcyto Cu-Zn SOD and LpCAT with HT detected under non-stress or submergence indicated contributions of these genes to HT variations in perennial ryegrass accessions.…”