15Exercise-induced increases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-16 1α) and p53 protein content in the nucleus mediate the initial phase of exercise-induced 17 mitochondrial biogenesis. Here we investigated if exercise-induced increases in these and other 18 markers of mitochondrial biogenesis were altered after 40 sessions of twice-daily high-volume 19 high-intensity interval training (HVT) in human skeletal muscle. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies 20 were collected from 10 healthy recreationally active participants before, immediately post, and 21 3h after a session of HIIE performed at the same absolute exercise intensity before and after 22HVT (Pre-HVT and Post-HVT, respectively). The protein content of common markers of 23 exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis were assessed in nuclear-and cytosolic-enriched 24 fractions by immunoblotting; mRNA contents of key transcription factors and mitochondrial 25 genes were assessed by qPCR. Despite exercise-induced increases in PGC-1α, p53, and plant 26 homeodomain finger-containing protein 20 (PHF20) protein content, the phosphorylation of p53 27 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-p53 Ser15 and p-ACC Ser79 , respectively), and PGC-1α mRNA Pre-28 HVT, no significant changes were observed Post-HVT. Forty sessions of twice-daily high-29 intensity interval training blunted all of the measured exercise-induced molecular events 30 associated with mitochondrial biogenesis that were observed Pre-HVT. Future studies should 31 determine if this loss relates to the decrease in relative exercise intensity, habituation to the same 32 exercise stimulus, or a combination of both. 33 Keywords: endurance exercise, HIIT, mitochondrial adaptations, p53, PGC-1α 34 process that contributes to the initial phase of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis (73), it 58 is important to better understand how the response of this transcriptional cofactor changes with 59 training. 60 p53 is another important regulator of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in human 61 skeletal muscle (64). Nuclear accumulation of p53 protein has been reported immediately (24), 62 or 3 hours (70), after a single session of exercise. While the mechanisms underlying the nuclear 63 accumulation of p53 are complex (47, 53), they have partly been attributed to phosphorylation of 64 p53 at serine 15 (p-p53 Ser15 ) (53) -a posttranslational modification that enhances p53 protein 65 stability (68) and prevents its nuclear export and cytosolic degradation (32, 53). However, once 66 again, these molecular events have only been investigated following a single exercise session, 67 and it is not known if they are altered by training. Given that the majority of the p53 activity 68 takes place in the nucleus (53), it is important to determine if the early events of the p53-69 mediated exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis are differentially regulated in this 70 subcellular compartment as the training intervention progresses. 71Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate if a sessi...