Transcriptional factors that promote formation of white adipose tissue

Abstract

Adipocytes are highly specialized cells that play a major role in energy homeostasis in vertebrate organisms. Excess adipocyte size or number is a hallmark of obesity, which is currently a global epidemic. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type II diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Obesity and its related disorders result in dysregulation of the mechanisms that control the expression of metabolic and endocrine related genes in adipocytes. Therefore, understanding adipocyte differentiation is relevant not only for gaining insight into the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, but also for identifying proteins or pathways which might be appropriate targets for pharmacological interventions. Significant advances towards an understanding of the regulatory processes involved in adipocyte differentiation have largely been made by the identification of transcription factors that contribute to the adipogenic process. It is important to note that the developmental origin of white and brown fat is distinct and different precursor cells are involved in the generation of these different types of adipose tissue (reviewed in Lefterova and Lazar, 2009;Seale et al., 2009). Several transcription factors, notably PPARγ, several members of the C/EBP and KLF families, STAT5, and SREBP-1c, have been shown to have significant roles in promoting adipogenesis. More comprehensive reviews on negative and positive regulators of adipogenesis have been published in the past year (reviewed in Christodoulides et al., 2009;Lefterova and Lazar, 2009). Though many proteins are known to negatively regulate adipogenesis, including Wnts, KLFs, the E2F family of transcription factors, CHOP, Delta-interacting protein A, ETO/MTG8, and members of the GATA and forkhead transcription factor families, this review will focus on transcription factors that positively impact the development of white adipose tissue.

The Role of Acetoacetyl-CoA Synthetase, a Ketone Body-Utilizing Enzyme, in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation

“…12,13) Therefore, we investigated the effect of shAACS on the expression of lipogenic genes and adipogenesis markers using real-time PCR (Fig. 3).…”

Mitochondrial Actions for Fat Browning and Energy Expenditure in White Adipose Tissue

“…WAT adipogenesis (differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes) occurs as a result of a transcriptional cascade involving the tightly regulated induction of several transcription factors [54,55]. Adipogenesis is a high energy-demanding process that relies on mitochondrial biogenesis and functions that, in turn, provides ATP and intermediates for FA synthesis and TAG storage.…”

“…These findings were later proven in vivo by the use of white adipocytes from ob/ob mice treated with rosiglitazone that presented augmented mitochondrial mass, markedly enhanced oxygen consumption and significantly increased palmitate oxidation [17,19,52]. Moreover, dietary restriction of mice fed a high fat diet led to the upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function, activating WAT mitochondria and serum adiponectin levels, which are correlated to the enhancement of insulin sensitivity [53].WAT adipogenesis (differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes) occurs as a result of a transcriptional cascade involving the tightly regulated induction of several transcription factors [54,55]. Adipogenesis is a high energy-demanding process that relies on mitochondrial biogenesis and functions that, in turn, provides ATP and intermediates for FA synthesis and TAG storage.…”

Phenyllactic Acid from Lactobacillus plantarum PromotesAdipogenic Activity in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte via Up-Regulationof PPAR-γ2

“…Adipogenesis is a sequential process accompanied by coordinated changes in morphology, hormone sensitivity, and gene expressions. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-2 (PPAR-γ2), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) adipocyte binding protein-2 (aP2), and FAS play important roles in regulation of adipogenesis [1].…”