Transcriptional Regulation by Trithorax-Group Proteins

Kingston, Robert E.; Tamkun, John W.

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a019349

Cited by 102 publications

(120 citation statements)

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“…TrxG factors, therefore, include various DNA-binding, histone-modifying and chromatin remodeling proteins (Table 2) (Kingston and Tamkun, 2014;Schuettengruber et al, 2011;Steffen and Ringrose, 2014). Moreover, TrxG proteins participate in complexes necessary for both general transcription as well as those specifically required for maintaining the 'on' state of PcG target genes (Kingston and Tamkun, 2014).…”

Section: Trxg Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While a brief overview of the PcG and TrxG systems will be provided, more detailed descriptions of these proteins can be found in a number of recent reviews (Di Croce and Helin, 2013;Grossniklaus and Paro, 2014;Kingston and Tamkun, 2014;Schwartz and Pirrotta, 2013;Simon and Kingston, 2013;Steffen and Ringrose, 2014). Our efforts will instead concentrate on how TrxG-dependent gene activation is achieved by overcoming PcG silencing at epigenetic switches in a variety of metazoan organisms and contexts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trithorax and Polycomb group-dependent regulation: a tale of opposing activities

2015

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Intricate layers of regulation determine the unique gene expression profiles of a given cell and, therefore, underlie the immense phenotypic diversity observed among cell types. Understanding the mechanisms that govern which genes are expressed and which genes are silenced is a fundamental focus in biology. The Polycomb and Trithorax group chromatin proteins play important roles promoting the stable and heritable repression and activation of gene expression, respectively. These proteins, which are conserved across metazoans, modulate post-translational modifications on histone tails and regulate nucleosomal structures. Here, we review recent advances that have shed light on the mechanisms by which these two classes of proteins act to maintain epigenetic memory and allow dynamic switches in gene expression during development.

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Section: Trxg Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trithorax and Polycomb group-dependent regulation: a tale of opposing activities

2015

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“…SWI/SNF is mainly involved in regulating transcription initiation and it is targeted to promoters through direct interactions with sequence-specific DNA binding factors (see Section 4). The Drosophila homolog of the SWI2/SNF2 ATPase is called Brm (Brahma) for historical reasons (see Kingston and Tamkun 2014). Brm associates with seven to eight brahma-associated proteins (BAPs) to form complexes that loosely resemble the yeast SWI/SNF complex.…”

Section: Diversity Of Nucleosome Remodeling Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a second essential and more abundant complex in yeast, RSC (remodels the structure of chromatin), contains many orthologs to Swi/Snf subunits (Clapier and Cairns 2009). In Drosophila melanogaster, the Swi2/Snf2 homolog, Brahma (brm), was identified in genetic screens for suppressors of the transcriptional repressor Polycomb (see Kingston and Tamkun 2014). Brm is also part of multiple versions of Swi/Snf-type complexes in mammalian cells, which play important roles in development and cellular homeostasis (Hargreaves and Crabtree 2011, and see Section 10).…”

Section: The Discovery Of Nucleosome Remodeling: a Historical Perspecmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BRM is a global regulator of transcription in Drosophila as the majority of transcriptionally active genes was bound by BRM in polytene chromosomes and required the ATPase for activity (Hargreaves and Crabtree 2011). BAP subunits function as trithorax gene products and oppose the function of polycomb proteins in many developmental pathways (see Kingston and Tamkun 2014).…”

Section: Diversity Of Nucleosome Remodeling Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nucleosome Remodeling and Epigenetics

Becker

Workman

2013

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

272

203

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RNA 5‐Methylcytosine Modification Regulates Vegetative Development Associated with H3K27 Trimethylation in Arabidopsis

et al. 2022

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Methylating RNA post-transcriptionally is emerging as a significant mechanism of gene regulation in eukaryotes. The crosstalk between RNA methylation and histone modification is critical for chromatin state and gene expression in mammals. However, it is not well understood mechanistically in plants. Here, the authors report a genome-wide correlation between RNA 5-cytosine methylation (m 5 C) and histone 3 lysine27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in Arabidopsis. The plant-specific Polycomb group (PcG) protein EMBRYONIC FLOWER1 (EMF1) plays dual roles as activators or repressors. Transcriptome-wide RNA m 5 C profiling revealed that m 5 C peaks are mostly enriched in chromatin regions that lacked H3K27me3 in both wild type and emf1 mutants. EMF1 repressed the expression of m 5 C methyltransferase tRNA specific methyltransferase 4B (TRM4B) through H3K4me3, independent of PcG-mediated H3K27me3 mechanism. The 5-Cytosine methylation on targets is increased in emf1 mutants, thereby decreased the mRNA transcripts of photosynthesis and chloroplast genes. In addition, impairing EMF1 activity reduced H3K27me3 levels of PcG targets, such as starch genes, which are de-repressed in emf1 mutants. Both EMF1-mediated promotion and repression of gene activities via m 5 C and H3K27me3 are required for normal vegetative growth. Collectively, t study reveals a previously undescribed epigenetic mechanism of RNA m 5 C modifications and histone modifications to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.

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Transcriptional Regulation by Trithorax-Group Proteins

Cited by 102 publications

References 102 publications

Trithorax and Polycomb group-dependent regulation: a tale of opposing activities

Trithorax and Polycomb group-dependent regulation: a tale of opposing activities

Nucleosome Remodeling and Epigenetics

RNA 5‐Methylcytosine Modification Regulates Vegetative Development Associated with H3K27 Trimethylation in Arabidopsis

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