Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into the Markers of Resting and LPS-Activated Macrophages in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Hu, Yazhen; Wei, Xiaolei; Liao, Zhiwei; Gao, Yu; Liu, Xiaoling; Su, Jian; Yuan, Gailing

doi:10.3390/ijms19113562

Cited by 34 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…We have also found that the expression of eight macrophage-related genes ( h2-eb1 , cd74 , cd68 , marco , capg , mpeg1 , cd200r1 , and csf1r ) was highest in AIC among selected cell type linked genes ( Figure 9 ) although the expression in AKC was significantly higher than those of AIC ( Figure 5 ). Our results are in agreement with another HK transcriptomic study; carp HK macrophage-like cells had higher expression of cd68 and mcsfr compared to those of HK leukocytes ( Hu et al, 2018 ). Furthermore, a study conducted by Jenberie et al (2018) revealed the higher expressions of csf1r and marco in HK macrophage-like cells.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Adherent Intestinal Cells From Atlantic Salmon Show Phagocytic Ability and Express Macrophage-Specific Genes

Park

Zhang

Wiegertjes

et al. 2020

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Our knowledge of the intestinal immune system of fish is rather limited compared to mammals. Very little is known about the immune cells including the phagocytic cells in fish intestine. Hence, employing imaging flow cytometry and RNA sequencing, we studied adherent cells isolated from healthy Atlantic salmon. Phagocytic activity and selected gene expression of adherent cells from the distal intestine (adherent intestinal cells, or AIC) were compared with those from head kidney (adherent kidney cells, or AKC). Phagocytic activity of the two cell types was assessed based on the uptake of Escherichia coli BioParticles TM . AIC showed phagocytic ability but the phagocytes were of different morphology compared to AKC. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that AIC expressed genes associated with macrophages, T cells, and endothelial cells. Heatmap analysis of selected genes indicated that the adherent cells from the two organs had apparently higher expression of macrophage-related genes. We believe that the adherent intestinal cells have phagocytic characteristics and high expression of genes commonly associated with macrophages. We envisage the possibilities for future studies on enriched populations of adherent intestinal cells.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Adherent Intestinal Cells From Atlantic Salmon Show Phagocytic Ability and Express Macrophage-Specific Genes

Park

Zhang

Wiegertjes

et al. 2020

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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“…We likewise noticed a 16-fold upregulation in carp M1 macrophages. The chemokine ccl20a was also mentioned as increased in LPS-stimulated macrophages in grass carp 23 in the same study and was also substantially (8 log2 fold) increased as one ccl20a paralog in carp M1 macrophages, although not among the most highly expressed genes. Chemokine receptors cxcr3 were mentioned as markers of M1 (cxcr3.1) and M2 (cxcr3.2) macrophages of grass carp, ayu and spotted green pufferfish 22 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…In vivo, macrophage polarization has been studied using tnfα / mpeg1 20 double transgenic zebrafish and preliminary findings show differences in expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers in tnfα + and tnfα - macrophages. In addition, some work towards a full transcriptional phenotype has been undertaken in tnfα / mpeg1 double transgenic zebrafish 21 and other teleosts 22 , 23 . Taken together, these studies provide the foundation to understand macrophage polarization in fish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome sequencing supports a conservation of macrophage polarization in fish

Wentzel

Petit

Veen

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Mammalian macrophages can adopt polarization states that, depending on the exact stimuli present in their extracellular environment, can lead to very different functions. Although these different polarization states have been shown primarily for macrophages of humans and mice, it is likely that polarized macrophages with corresponding phenotypes exist across mammals. evidence of functional conservation in macrophages from teleost fish suggests that the same, or at least comparable polarization states should also be present in teleosts. However, corresponding transcriptional profiles of marker genes have not been reported thus far. In this study we confirm that macrophages from common carp can polarize into M1-and M2 phenotypes with conserved functions and corresponding transcriptional profiles compared to mammalian macrophages. Carp M1 macrophages show increased production of nitric oxide and a transcriptional profile with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, including il6, il12 and saa. Carp M2 macrophages show increased arginase activity and a transcriptional profile with increased anti-inflammatory mediators, including cyr61, timp2b and tgm2b. our RnA sequencing approach allowed us to list, in an unbiased manner, markers discriminating between M1 and M2 macrophages of teleost fish. We discuss the importance of our findings for the evaluation of immunostimulants for aquaculture and for the identification of gene targets to generate transgenic zebrafish for detailed studies on M1 and M2 macrophages. Above all, we discuss the striking degree of evolutionary conservation of macrophage polarization in a lower vertebrate. Depending on stimuli present in their extracellular environment, mammalian macrophages can adopt polarization states that can exert very different, sometimes opposite, functions. These opposite functional differences were initially referred to as the M1/M2 paradigm 1 , in which M1 macrophages exert pro-inflammatory activities driven by Th1 cytokines as opposed to M2 macrophages that would be driven by Th2 cytokines and be involved in anti-inflammatory responses. This paradigm is primarily based on arginine metabolism, as inflammatory M1 macrophages metabolize arginine to produce anti-microbial nitric oxide (NO) while anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages utilize the same arginine to produce proline and polyamines required for cell proliferation and tissue generation. In more recent studies, the M1/M2 paradigm has been refined to include at least nine distinct macrophage activation states 2 or define M1 and M2 macrophages at the opposite ends of an entire spectrum of activation states 2-5. Different macrophage polarization states have been studied in detail in mice and men, however it remains unclear to what extend these polarized phenotypes are conserved in non-mammalian species. Although considerable differences exist between polarized macrophages of mammals including mice and men 6-8 , their M1 and M2 macrophages display comparable core phenotypes and it is likely that polarized macroph...

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“…A total of 72.47 Gb of clean data including 483.14 million read were generated from the three libraries (control group (CG), experiment group 4 h (EG4h), experiment group 18h (EG18h)). Next, we used Hisat 2 (v2.0.1) software to map clean reads to the grass carp genome [29] references and their average mapping coverage percentages in the three libraries were 93.38% (CG), 93.50% (EG4h), and 92.66% (EG18h). The detailed data (Table 1) suggested good coverage of the assembled transcripts by the sequencing read.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory Effect of Bacillus subtilis on Cytokines of Dendritic Cells in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella)

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2019

IJMS

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Bacillus subtilis is a common group of probiotics that have been widely used in the feed industry as they can increase host resistance to pathogens and balance the immune response. However, the regulatory mechanism of Bacillus subtilis on the host immune system remains unclear in teleosts. In this study, we isolated and enriched dendritic cells from white blood cells (WBCs), and then stimulated them with Bacillus subtilis. Morphological features, specific biological functions, and authorized functional molecular markers were used in the identification of dendritic cells. Subsequently, we collected stimulated cells at 0, 4, and 18 h, and then constructed and sequenced the transcriptomic libraries. A transcriptome analysis showed that 2557 genes were up-regulated and 1708 were down-regulated at 4 h compared with the control group (|Fold Change| ≥ 4), and 1131 genes were up-regulated and 1769 were down-regulated between the cells collected at 18 h and 4 h (|Fold Change| ≥ 4). Gene Ontology (GO) annotations suggested many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (p < 0.05 and |Fold Change| ≥ 4) were involved in immune-related biological functions including immune system progress, cytokine receptor binding, and cytokine binding. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathways were significantly enriched at both time points (p < 0.05), which may play a key role in the response to stimulation. Furthermore, mRNA expression level examination of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) indicated that their expressions can be significantly increased in Bacillus subtili, which suggest that Bacillus subtilis can balance immune response and tolerance. This study provides dendritic cell (DC)-specific transcriptome data in grass carp by Bacillus subtilis stimulation, allowing us to illustrate the molecular mechanism of the DC-mediated immune response triggered by probiotics in grass carp.

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Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into the Markers of Resting and LPS-Activated Macrophages in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Cited by 34 publications

References 57 publications

Adherent Intestinal Cells From Atlantic Salmon Show Phagocytic Ability and Express Macrophage-Specific Genes

Adherent Intestinal Cells From Atlantic Salmon Show Phagocytic Ability and Express Macrophage-Specific Genes

Transcriptome sequencing supports a conservation of macrophage polarization in fish

Regulatory Effect of Bacillus subtilis on Cytokines of Dendritic Cells in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella)

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