Transcriptome Changes and Potential Immunotoxicity Analysis in RAW264.7 Macrophages Caused by Bisphenol F

Abstract

As a viable substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), BPF has been widely used in the plastic industry and daily consumer goods, resulting in its detection in humans at a comparable concentration. Evidence reveals that BPF and BPA may have similar toxic effects due to their similar structures. However, there is less information about BPF and its latent implications on the immune system, which is associated with many disorders. In this study, the in vitro toxicity of BPF on RAW264.7 macrophages was explored. The cells were treated with different concentrations of BPF (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 μM), the cell viability and apoptosis were detected, the gene expression profile was analyzed by whole-transcriptome sequencing, and the mRNA levels were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed a high concentration of BPF could significantly reduce the survival rate of RAW264.7 macrophages. Although the medium concentration (20–50 μM) of BPF seemed to have no impact on the cell activity of macrophages, it caused the occurrence of apoptosis. The results of differential transcription showed that compared with the control group, 121 genes were upregulated and 82 genes were downregulated in the BPF group. The significantly changed gene functions were mainly concentrated in cell cycle, phagosome, lysosome, and antigen processing and presentation. These findings provide valuable information for correctly understanding the immunotoxicity risk of BPF and may help to improve the hazard identification of bisphenol compounds.

Identification of Key Genes and Pathways in the Hippocampus after Traumatic Brain Injury: Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Validation

“…Moderate immune responses promote the removal of cellular debris, repair, and regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) post-TBI, but excessive immune responses result in reactions causing destructive neuroinflammation and maladaptive secondary in-juries [3,44]. In view of the enrichment of phagosome-and lysosome-related genes after TBI, it is reasonable to speculate that active phagocytosis plays a critical role in neural injury and repair [46]. Microglia act as important phagocytes in the brain and can rapidly remove cellular and myelin debris after brain injury [47].…”

Bisphenol A and selenium deficiency exposure induces pyroptosis and myogenic differentiation disorder in chicken muscle stomach

“…BPA is mainly exposed through diet and everyday products, but it can also be ingested through environmental media such as air, drinking water, soil, and dust. BPA affects the body's immune system, reproductive system, and digestive system ( Sidorkiewicz et al, 2018 ; Chen et al, 2022 ; Misme-Aucouturier et al, 2022 ; Shi et al, 2023 ). Individual and combined exposure to BPA and analogs induced apoptosis and caused cellular damage in spermatocytes ( Sidorkiewicz et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Individual and combined exposure to BPA and analogs induced apoptosis and caused cellular damage in spermatocytes ( Sidorkiewicz et al, 2018 ). About 20 μM and 50 μM BPA analog exposure induced the onset of apoptosis in mouse macrophage cells with possible effects on cell cycle, phagolysosomes, and lysosomes ( Chen et al, 2022 ). About 20 mg/kg BPA exposure induced hepatic inflammation in chicken liver through reactive oxygen species ( ROS )-mediated pyroptosis ( Shi et al, 2023 ).…”