Transcriptome comparative analysis of immune tissues from asymptomatic and diseased Epinephelus moara naturally infected with nervous necrosis virus

Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review

“…In recent years, a great deal of progress has been made on high-throughput tools for sequencing the transcriptome (RNA-Seq), enabling genome-wide transcriptomic analysis and providing valuable information for understanding virus-host interactions [227]. Different transcriptomic analyses have been performed on both NNV-infected cells [228][229][230][231][232][233] and fish [234][235][236][237][238].…”

“…Further examination of the impaired virus clearance pathway revealed the up-regulation of some genes involved in immune cell suppression, such as PDL1 and LAG3, which are considered critical markers for persistent and chronic infection [240,241]. A different study analyzed the transcriptome of kelp grouper (E. moara) immune tissues (liver, spleen and kidney) and although the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was significantly higher in three immune tissues of the diseased grouper, many immune related genes, including humoral immune molecules (such as antibodies), the cellular mediated cytotoxic molecules (such as perforin) and some adhesion related genes were down regulated [238].…”

Molecular characterization of the T cell costimulatory receptors CD28 and CTLA4 in the European sea bass

“…Regarding the costimulatory molecules on the surface of fish T cells little is still known. Among the positive stimulators, only CD28 has been clearly documented in several fish species including Nile tilapia, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), medaka (Oryzias latipes), fugu (Takifugu rubripes), tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) [14,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] while ICOS has not been found. In these studies, apart from the molecular characterization, it has been demonstrated that its transcription is up-regulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a well-known T cell mitogen, and bacterial infection, and up-/down-regulated by viral infections, and that antibody-binding increased lymphocyte proliferation.…”

RNA-Seq analysis of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) infected with nodavirus reveals powerful modulation of the stress response

“…Such investigations have been performed in grouper kidney cells (GK cell line) [5], Asian sea bass epithelial cells (SB cell line) [6], European sea bass leukocytes [7], striped snakehead fish cells (SSN-1 cell line) [8] and European sea bass brain cells (DLB-1 cell line) [9]. The in vivo effect of NNV has also been analysed by RNA-Seq in the brain of sevenband grouper [10], pooled brain/eye and head kidney samples from Senegalese sole [11], the brain of Malabar grouper [12], and the liver, spleen and kidney of Epinephelus moara [13]. However, the in vivo response of European sea bass remains almost completely unexplored, and only a small number of publications have reported the modulation or involvement of immune factors in different tissues of D. labrax infected with NNV [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”