Transcriptomic Analysis of <i>Musca domestica</i> to Reveal Key Genes of the Prophenoloxidase-Activating System

Summary Melanins (eumelanin and pheomelanin) are synthesized in insects for several purposes including cuticle sclerotization and color patterning, clot formation, organogenesis, and innate immunity. Traditional views of insect immunity detail the storage of pro‐phenoloxidases inside specialized blood cells (hemocytes) and their release upon recognition of foreign bodies. Activated phenoloxidases convert monophenols into reactive quinones in a two‐step enzymatic reaction, and until recently, the mechanism of tyrosine hydroxylation remained a mystery. Herein, we present our interpretations of these enzyme–substrate complexes. The resultant melanins are deposited onto the surface of microbes to immobilize, agglutinate, and suffocate them. Phenoloxidase activity and melanin production are not limited to the blood (hemolymph) or cuticle, as recent evidence points to more diverse, sophisticated interactions in the gut and with the resident symbionts. This review offers insight into the somewhat neglected areas of insect melanogenesis research, particularly in innate immunity, its role in beneficial insects such as pollinators, the functional versatility of phenoloxidases, and the limitations of common experimental approaches that may impede progress inadvertently.

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“…(), Li et al. (), Liu et al. (), Lourenço, Zufelato, Bitondi, and Simões (), Matetovici, Caljon, and Van Den Abbeele (), Shao et al.…”

Section: Hemocyte Roles In Melanizationunclassified

Re‐evaluation of insect melanogenesis research: Views from the dark side

Whitten

Coates

2017

Pigment Cell Melanoma Res

105

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“…In detail, assembled contigs were annotated with sequences available in the NCBI database, using the BLASTx and BLASTn algorithms ( Leng et al , 2015 ). The unigenes were aligned by a BLASTx search against NCBI protein databases, including the non-redundant (Nr) sequence, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, and COG databases ( Li et al , 2015 ). However, none of the BLASTx hits were aligned by a BLASTn search against the NCBI non-redundant nucleotide database (Nt).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative transcriptome and potential antiviral signaling pathways analysis of the gills in the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii infected with White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)

Jin

2017

Genet. Mol. Biol.

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Red swamp crayfish is an important model organism for research of the invertebrate innate immunity mechanism. Its excellent disease resistance against bacteria, fungi, and viruses is well-known. However, the antiviral mechanisms of crayfish remain unclear. In this study, we obtained high-quality sequence reads from normal and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-challenged crayfish gills. For group normal (GN), 39,390,280 high-quality clean reads were randomly assembled to produce 172,591 contigs; whereas, 34,011,488 high-quality clean reads were randomly assembled to produce 182,176 contigs for group WSSV-challenged (GW). After GO annotations analysis, a total of 35,539 (90.01%), 14,931 (37.82%), 28,221 (71.48%), 25,290 (64.05%), 15,595 (39.50%), and 13,848 (35.07%) unigenes had significant matches with sequences in the Nr, Nt, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG and GO databases, respectively. Through the comparative analysis between GN and GW, 12,868 genes were identified as differentially up-regulated DEGs, and 9,194 genes were identified as differentially down-regulated DEGs. Ultimately, these DEGs were mapped into different signaling pathways, including three important signaling pathways related to innate immunity responses. These results could provide new insights into crayfish antiviral immunity mechanism.

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“…In detail, the assembled contigs were annotated with sequences available in the NCBI database using the BLASTx and BLASTn algorithms 33 . The unigenes were aligned by a BLASTx search against the protein databases of NCBI, including Nr, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, and COG 34 . Meanwhile, none of the BLASTx hits were aligned by a BLASTn search against the NCBI Nt database.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-depth comparative transcriptome analysis of intestines of red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, infected with WSSV

Jin

Ren

2016

Sci Rep

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Crayfish has become one of the most important farmed aquatic species in China due to its excellent disease resistance against bacteria and viruses. However, the antiviral mechanism of crayfish is still not very clear. In the present study, many high-quality sequence reads from crayfish intestine were obtained using Illumina-based transcriptome sequencing. For the normal group (GN), 44,600,142 high-quality clean reads were randomly assembled to produce 125,394 contigs. For the WSSV-challenged group (GW), 47,790,746 high-quality clean reads were randomly assembled to produce 148,983 contigs. After GO annotation, 39,482 unigenes were annotated into three ontologies: biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. In addition, 15,959 unigenes were mapped to 25 different COG categories. Moreover, 7,000 DEGs were screened out after a comparative analysis between the GN and GW samples, which were mapped into 250 KEGG pathways. Among these pathways, 36 were obviously changed (P-values < 0.05) and 28 pathways were extremely significantly changed (P-values < 0.01). Finally, five key DEGs involved in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway were chosen for qRT-PCR. The results showed that these five DEGs were obviously up-regulated at 36 h post WSSV infection in crayfish intestine. These results provide new insight into crayfish antiviral immunity mechanisms.

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Transcriptomic Analysis of Musca domestica to Reveal Key Genes of the Prophenoloxidase-Activating System

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

Re‐evaluation of insect melanogenesis research: Views from the dark side

Re‐evaluation of insect melanogenesis research: Views from the dark side

Comparative transcriptome and potential antiviral signaling pathways analysis of the gills in the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii infected with White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)

In-depth comparative transcriptome analysis of intestines of red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, infected with WSSV

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