The transcription factor Forkhead-box A1 (Foxa1), a member of the FOX class of transcription factors, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung, esophageal and prostate cancers. We have recently identified transcriptional activation of p27 by FOXA1. In this study, we analyzed the activities and expression pattern of FOXA1 in breast cancer. Forced expression of FOXA1 inhibited clonal growth of breast cancer cell lines, and FOXA1 levels inversely correlated with growth stimuli. In the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 cells, FOXA1 increased p27 promoter activity and inhibited the ER pathway activity. Analysis of FOXA1 expression in breast tissue arrays revealed significantly higher expression in pure ductal carcinomas in situ compared to invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC); and in IDC, high expression of FOXA1 was associated with favorable prognostic factors. Yet, FOXA1 expression was noted in a subset of the ER-negative tumors. Taken together, our findings suggest a growth inhibitory role for FOXA1, and identify it as a novel, potential prognostic factor in breast cancer. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: FOXA1; breast cancer; p27; estrogen receptorThe FOX class of transcription factors, now counting more than 100 members, is characterized by an evolutionary conserved 110 amino-acid DNA binding domain, known as the forkhead (FH) domain.1,2 Three FOXA proteins, FOXA1, FOXA2 and FOXA3, are currently known and each shares a conserved structure, consisting of DNA binding domain and 4 transactivating regions, 2 in the C-terminal side of the protein and 2 in its N-terminus.3-5 FOXA1 is expressed in the liver, pancreas, bladder, prostate, colon, lung as well as mammary gland and can bind to the promoters of more than 100 genes associated with metabolic processes, regulation of signaling and the cell cycle.1,2,6 In mice, embryos carrying a homozygous null mutation for FOXA1 develop normally to term but suffer from severe postnatal growth retardation and hypoglycemia followed by death between postnatal days 2 and 12. 7,8 High expression of FOXA1 has been reported in various tumors, including lung, esophageal and prostate cancer. 9,10 In prostate cancer, current data suggest a growth inhibitory role for FOXA1. While FOXA1 is expressed in both preneoplastic lesions and adenocarcinomas, its expression is associated with markers of differentiation, and transfection assays revealed that FOXA1 had an inhibitory effect on the androgen receptor. 11 Moreover, FOXA1 null prostate shows hyperplastic lesions.
11In breast cancer, studies of global gene expression revealed high expression of FOXA1 mRNA, often in association with the expression of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERa), 12,13 but also showed FOXA1 expression in a subset of ER-negative tumors.14 Among the ER-positive tumors, expression of FOXA1 mRNA was noted in tumors that showed favorable outcomes. 15 In accordance with a growth inhibitory role of FOXA1 in breast cancer, studies in MCF-7 cells suggested downregulation of FOXA1 mRNA levels following estrogen stimulat...