Transcriptomic-proteomics-anticoagulant bioactivity integrated study of Pheretima guillemi

Comparative Transcriptome and WGCNA Reveal Candidate Genes Involved in Petaloid Stamens in Paeonia Lactiflora

“…The number of bases with a quality value Q ≤ 20 accounted for more than 40% of all reads. The Q20 value of all clean reads of samples exceeded 96.63% (Additional le 1, Table S1), indicating that the quality of the sequencing met the requirements for subsequent analysis [33,34].…”

Authentication of three main commercial Pheretima based on amino acids analysis

“…Pheretima was the dried bodies from the species of Pheretima aspergillum (Amynthas aspergillum), P. vulgaris (Metaphire vulgaris), P. guillemi (M. guillemi), and P. pectinifera (M. pectinifera) (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission 2015). It has been used as one of animal-derived traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) for thousands of years in Asian countries due to its multi-activities, such as anticoagulant (Wu et al 2019(Wu et al , 2020, relieving asthma (Huang et al 2016;Shi et al 2019), antimicrobial (Dharmawati et al 2019), and antifibrotic activities (Huang et al 2019), etc. There are multiple species of terrestrial earthworms in China, and their number has reached 328 in 2010 (Xu and Xiao 2010), but only four species of them mentioned above can be used as Pheretima recorded in 2015 edition Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP). Earthworms have similar morphological characteristics, which make it difficult for medicinal herb collectors to distinguish between medicinal species and adulterants (Wei 2012).…”

“…It has been used as one of animal-derived traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) for thousands of years in Asian countries due to its multi-activities, such as anticoagulant (Wu et al 2019(Wu et al , 2020, relieving asthma (Huang et al 2016;Shi et al 2019), antimicrobial (Dharmawati et al 2019), and antifibrotic activities (Huang et al 2019), etc. There are multiple species of terrestrial earthworms in China, and their number has reached 328 in 2010 (Xu and Xiao 2010), but only four species of them mentioned above can be used as Pheretima recorded in 2015 edition Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP). Earthworms have similar morphological characteristics, which make it difficult for medicinal herb collectors to distinguish between medicinal species and adulterants (Wei 2012). In addition, the standard of Pheretima is mainly focused on morphological, microscopic identification and thin layer chromatography in ChP, which are still inadequate in the identification of Pheretima species (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission 2015).…”

“…As a result, the market of Pheretima was quite confused and more than half of the commercial Pheretima were non-pharmacopoeial species (Ge et al 2019). The use of adulterants may bring uncertain clinical efficacy and leave patients with hidden health risks (Wei 2012). Therefore, it is urgent to establish an effective method for the identification of the species of commercial Pheretima.…”

Bioevaluation of Pheretima vulgaris Antithrombotic Extract, PvQ, and Isolation, Identification of Six Novel PvQ-Derived Fibrinolytic Proteases

“…Although various fibrinolytic extracts have been discovered from different earthworm species, such as Eisenia fetida [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], Lumbricus rubellus [ 10 , 11 ], among others [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], since the first report of lumbrokinase by Mihara’s team in 1991 [ 15 ], few fibrinolytic activity studies related to P. vulgaris are reported. Moreover, the complexity of medicinal animal compositions has led to the previous reports being either evaluations of the activity of crude extracts [ 11 , 16 ] or vague descriptions of mixtures [ 17 ], with few reporting specifically on functional monomers. Additionally, 42 genes encoding lumbrokinase are publicly available at NCBI GenBank, but most of these genes are from Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus rubellus .…”